ü2.5.1

Outline the stages in the cell cycle, including interphase (G1, S, G2), mitosis and cytokinesis.   

ü2.5.3

State that interphase is an active period in the life of a cell when many metabolic reactions occur, including protein synthesis, DNA replication and an increase in the number of mitochondria and/or chloroplasts.   

ü2.5.4

Describe the events that occur in the four phases of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase). 

ü2.5.5

Explain how mitosis produces two genetically identical nuclei. 

ü2.5.6

State that growth, embryonic development, tissue repair and asexual reproduction involve mitosis. 

3.4.1

Explain DNA replication in terms of unwinding the double helix and separation of the strands by helicase, followed by formation of the new complementary strands by DNA polymerase. 

3.4.2

Explain the significance of complementary base pairing in the conservation of the base sequence of DNA. 

3.4.3

State that DNA replication is semi-conservative. 

7.2.1

State that DNA replication occurs in a 5 à 3 direction.  

7.2.2

Explain the process of DNA replication in prokaryotes, including the role of enzymes (helicase, DNA polymerase, RNA primase and DNA ligase), Okazaki fragments and deoxynucleoside triphosphates. 

7.2.3

State that DNA replication is initiated at many points in eukaryotic chromosomes. 

2.5.2

State that tumours (cancers) are the result of uncontrolled cell division and that these can occur in any organ or tissue. 

• Chromatin vs. chromosomes – what is difference, when is it found in the cell?

• Why the cell must divide to create more cells?

• Sketch and describe the process of binary fission.  In what type of cells does it occur?

• What are the three phases of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells? 

• What percent of the cell cycle does interphase make up? 

• What happens during the G1, S and G2 phases of interphase? 

• Sketch and describe the events happening during each phase of mitosis, including descriptions of the amount of DNA and chromosomes in the cell

• What are kinetochores and kinetochore microtubules?

• How is cytokinesis different between plant and animal cells? 

• In animal cells, how is the cleavage furrow formed?  In plant cells, how is the cell plate formed?

• Explain what it means to say that DNA replication is semi-conservative.

• Explain the significance of complementary base pairing in the conservation of the base sequence of DNA.

• Explain what is meant by DNA replication occurring in a 5' to 3' direction.

• Explain the process of DNA replication in eukaryotes including the role of enzymes (helicase, DNA polymerase III, RNA primase, DNA polymerase I, and DNA ligase), single stranded binding proteins, Okazaki fragments and deoxynucleoside triphosphates.

• What is an Origin of Replication?  Contrast the number of origins in prokaryotic cells to the number in eukaryotic cells.

• Why is replication different on the two strands of the DNA helix? 

• Contrast replication on the leading strand with replication on the lagging strand.

• What are primers and why are they needed during replication?

• Define cancer, tumor and metastasis.

• Contrast benign and malignant tumors.

• Describe how cancer arises, referring to accumulation of mutations over time.

• What is the function of a proto-oncogene?

• What is the relationship between proto-oncogenes and oncogenes?

• Describe the role of tumor suppressors?

• How are cancer cells different than normal cells in terms of density dependency, anchorage dependency and the number of divisions that a cell can go through?