BIOLOGY FOR LIFE
  • Syllabus
    • Core >
      • 1: Cell Biology >
        • 1.1: Introduction to Cells
        • 1.2: Ultrastructure of Cells
        • 1.3: Membrane Structure
        • 1.4: Membrane Transport
        • 1.5: The Origin of Cells
        • 1.6: Cell Division
      • 2: Molecular Biology >
        • 2.1: Molecules to Metabolism
        • 2.2: Water
        • 2.3: Carbohydrates and Lipids
        • 2.4: Proteins
        • 2.5: Enzymes
        • 2.6: DNA and RNA
        • 2.7: DNA Replication, Transcription and Translation
        • 2.8: Cell Respiration
        • 2.9: Photosynthesis
      • 3: Genetics >
        • 3.1: Genes
        • 3.2: Chromosomes
        • 3.3: Meiosis
        • 3.4: Inheritance
        • 3.5: Genetic Modification and Biotechnology
      • 4: Ecology >
        • 4.1: Species, Communities and Ecosystems
        • 4.2: Energy Flow
        • 4.3: Carbon Cycling
        • 4.4: Climate Change
      • 5: Evolution and Biodiversity >
        • 5.1: Evidence for Evolution
        • 5.2: Natural Selection
        • 5.3: Classification and Biodiversity
        • 5.4: Cladistics
      • 6: Human Physiology >
        • 6.1: Digestion and Absorption
        • 6.2: The Blood System
        • 6.3: Defense Against Infectious Disease
        • 6.4: Gas Exchange
        • 6.5: Neurons and Synapses
        • 6.6: Hormones, Homeostasis and Reproduction
    • Higher Level >
      • 7: Nucleic Acids >
        • 7.1: DNA Structure and Replication
        • 7.2: Transcription and Gene Expression
        • 7.3: Translation
      • 8: Metabolism, Cell Respiration & Photosynthesis >
        • 8.1: Metabolism
        • 8.2: Cell Respiration
        • 8.3: Photosynthesis
      • 9: Plant Biology >
        • 9.1: Transport in the Xylem of Plants
        • 9.2: Transport in the Phloem of Plants
        • 9.3: Growth in Plants
        • 9.4: Reproduction in Plants
      • 10: Genetics and Evolution >
        • 10.1: Meiosis
        • 10.2: Inheritance
        • 10.3: Gene Pools and Speciation
      • 11: Animal Physiology >
        • 11.1: Antibody Production and Vaccination
        • 11.2: Movement
        • 11.3: Kidney and Osmoregulation
        • 11.4: Sexual Reproduction
    • Options >
      • D: Human Physiology >
        • D.1: Human Nutrition
        • D.2: Digestion
        • D.3: Functions of the Liver
        • D.4: The Heart
        • D.5: Hormones and Metabolism
        • D.6: Transport of Respiratory Gases
  • IB Requirements
    • Learner Profile
    • Group 4 Project
    • External Exam
    • Internal Assessment >
      • Personal Engagement
      • Exploration
      • Analysis
      • Evaluation
      • Communication
    • Extended Essay
  • Investigation Skills
    • Lab Safety
    • Microscopy
    • Lab Drawings
    • Data Tables
    • Measurement
    • Statistics >
      • Descriptive Statistics >
        • Skew
        • Measures of Central Tendancy
        • Measures of Spread
        • Pearson Correlation
      • Inferential Statistics >
        • T-Test
        • ANOVA
        • Kruskal-Wallis
        • X2 Test for Independence
        • X2 Goodness of Fit
    • Graphing >
      • Graphing with Excel
      • Interpreting Error Bars
    • Error Analysis
  • Course Info
    • Above & Beyond >
      • Biology Club
      • Pumpkin Carving
      • Scavenger Hunt
      • Science News
      • IB Bio Dance
      • Wood Duck Project
      • Invasive Crayfish Project
    • Assessment >
      • Class Grading IB Bio I
      • Class Grading IB Bio II
      • Daily Quizzes
      • Lab Practicals
    • Class Photos
    • Recommendations
    • Supplemental Reading
  • Contact
  • About
    • Philosophy
    • Resume
    • Reflection
    • Site Feedback
    • Favorite Quotes
    • AEF Blog
  • Expeditions
    • Bahamas (2009)
    • Trinidad (2010)
    • Trinidad (2011)
    • Ecuador (2012)
    • Trinidad (2013)
    • Peru (2014)
    • Bahamas (2015)
    • Peru (2016)
    • Costa Rica (2017)
    • Costa Rica (2018)
    • Arizona (2022)
    • Florida (2023)
  • Summer Ecology Research

Topic 1.1: 
​Introduction to Cells

Essential Idea: The evolution of multicellular organisms allowed for cell specialization and cell replacement.
  • Outline answer to each objective statement for topic 1.1
  • ​Quizlet study set for this topic
At SHS, Topic 1.1 is taught in the following class unit(s):
  • Concepts of Biology
  • Microscopy
  • Stem Cells and Differentiation
  • Cell Membrane Transport
1.1.U1  ​According to the cell theory, living organisms are composed of cells.
  • State the three parts of the cell theory.
  • Outline evidence that supports the cell theory.
  • Compare the use of the word theory in daily language and scientific language.
1.1.U2  Unicellular organisms carry out all functions of life.
  • Outline the functional characteristics of life.
1.1.U3  ​Cell Surface to volume is an important limitation to cell size.
  • ​Outline the activities occurring in the volume and at the surface of the cell.
  • Calculate the surface area, volume and SA:V ratio of a cube.
  • Explain the benefits and limitations of using cubes to model the surface area and volume of a cell.
  • Describe the relationship between cell size and the SA:V ratio of the cell.
  • Explain why cells are often limited in size by the SA:V ratio.
  • List three adaptations of cells that  maximize the SA: volume ratio.
1.1.U4  ​Multicellular organisms have properties that emerge due to the interaction of their cellular components. 
  • Define and provide an example of a multicellular organism.
  • Define and provide an example of a unicellular organism.
  • Define “emergent property.”​
  • Provide an example of emergent properties at different hierarchical levels of life.
1.1.U5  ​Specialized tissues can develop by cell differentiation in multicellular organisms.
  • Define tissue.​
  • Outline the benefits of cell specialization in a multicellular organism.
  • Define differentiation.​
1.1.U6  ​Differentiation involves the expressions of some genes and not others in a cell’s genome.
  • Describe the relationship between cell differentiation and gene expression.
1.1.U7  ​The capacity of stem cells to divide and differentiate along different pathways is necessary in embryonic development and also makes stem cells suitable for therapeutic uses.
  • Define zygote and embryo.
  • List 2 key properties of stem cells that have made them on the active areas of research in biology and medicine today.
  • Explain why stem cells are most prevalent in the early embryonic development of a multicellular organism.
  • Contrast the characteristics of embryonic, umbilical cord and adult somatic stem cells.
  • Define totipotent, multipotent and pluripotent.
​1.1.A1  ​Questioning the cell theory using atypical examples, including striated muscle, giant algae and aseptate fungal hyphae.
  • Describe features of striated muscle fibers that make them a discrepancy from a atypical cell.
  • Describe features of red blood cells that make them a discrepancy from a atypical cell.
  • Describe features of aseptate fungal hyphae that make them a discrepancy from a atypical cell.
  • Describe features of giant algae that make them a discrepancy from a atypical cell.​
​​1.1.A2  ​Investigation of functions of life in Paramecium and one named photosynthetic unicellular organism.
  • Describe characteristics of Paramecium that enable it to perform the functions of life.
  • Describe characteristics of Chlamydomonas that enable it to perform the functions of life.
1.1.A3  ​Use of stem cells to treat Stargardt’s disease and one other named condition.
  • Outline why stem cells are used in medical research and treatment.
  • Outline the cause and symptoms of Stargardt’s disease.
  • Explain how stem cells are used in the treatment of Stargardt’s disease.
  • Outline the cause of leukemia.
  • Explain how stem cells are used in the treatment of leukemia.​
1.1.A4  ​Ethics of the therapeutic use of stem cells from specially created embryos, from the umbilical cord blood of a newborn baby and from an adult’s own tissues.
  • Discuss the benefits and drawbacks in using adult stem cells.
  • Discuss the benefits and drawbacks in using embryonic stem cells.
  • Discuss the benefits and drawbacks in using cord blood stem cells.
1.1.S1  ​Use of a light microscope to investigate the structure of cells and tissues.  Practical 1
  • Label the names of parts of the microscope.
  • Define magnification.
  • Given the magnification of the ocular and objective lenses, calculate the total microscope magnification.
  • Define "field of view."
  • Outline how to determine the diameter of a field of view using low power magnification.
  • Calculate the field of view diameter of a microscope under medium or high power.
  • Outline how to estimate the size of a sample in the microscope field of view.
  • Demonstrate how to focus the microscope on  a sample.​
1.1.S2  ​Drawing of cell structures as seen with the light microscope.
  • Demonstrate how to draw cell structures seen with a microscope using sharp, carefully joined lines and straight edge lines for labels.​
1.1.S3  ​Calculation of the magnification of drawings and the actual size of structures and ultrastructures shown in drawings or micrographs. 
  • Define micrograph.
  • State why the magnification of a drawing or micrograph is not the same as the magnification of the microscope.
  • Use a formula to calculate the magnification of a micrograph or drawing.
  • If given the magnification of a micrograph or drawing, use a formula to calculate the actual size of a specimen.​
1.1.NOS1  ​Looking for trends and discrepancies- although most organisms conform to cell theory, there are exceptions.
  • Define "trend" and explain why trends are useful in scientific study.
  • Define "discrepancy" and explain why discrepancies are useful in scientific study.
  • List features that would be considered a “trend” related to the cell theory.​
1.1.NOS2  ​Ethical implications of research- research involving stem cells is growing in importance and raises ethical issues.
  • Explain why biological research must take ethical issues into consideration.
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"When we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it hitched to everything else in the Universe." 
 John Muir,   1911
  • Syllabus
    • Core >
      • 1: Cell Biology >
        • 1.1: Introduction to Cells
        • 1.2: Ultrastructure of Cells
        • 1.3: Membrane Structure
        • 1.4: Membrane Transport
        • 1.5: The Origin of Cells
        • 1.6: Cell Division
      • 2: Molecular Biology >
        • 2.1: Molecules to Metabolism
        • 2.2: Water
        • 2.3: Carbohydrates and Lipids
        • 2.4: Proteins
        • 2.5: Enzymes
        • 2.6: DNA and RNA
        • 2.7: DNA Replication, Transcription and Translation
        • 2.8: Cell Respiration
        • 2.9: Photosynthesis
      • 3: Genetics >
        • 3.1: Genes
        • 3.2: Chromosomes
        • 3.3: Meiosis
        • 3.4: Inheritance
        • 3.5: Genetic Modification and Biotechnology
      • 4: Ecology >
        • 4.1: Species, Communities and Ecosystems
        • 4.2: Energy Flow
        • 4.3: Carbon Cycling
        • 4.4: Climate Change
      • 5: Evolution and Biodiversity >
        • 5.1: Evidence for Evolution
        • 5.2: Natural Selection
        • 5.3: Classification and Biodiversity
        • 5.4: Cladistics
      • 6: Human Physiology >
        • 6.1: Digestion and Absorption
        • 6.2: The Blood System
        • 6.3: Defense Against Infectious Disease
        • 6.4: Gas Exchange
        • 6.5: Neurons and Synapses
        • 6.6: Hormones, Homeostasis and Reproduction
    • Higher Level >
      • 7: Nucleic Acids >
        • 7.1: DNA Structure and Replication
        • 7.2: Transcription and Gene Expression
        • 7.3: Translation
      • 8: Metabolism, Cell Respiration & Photosynthesis >
        • 8.1: Metabolism
        • 8.2: Cell Respiration
        • 8.3: Photosynthesis
      • 9: Plant Biology >
        • 9.1: Transport in the Xylem of Plants
        • 9.2: Transport in the Phloem of Plants
        • 9.3: Growth in Plants
        • 9.4: Reproduction in Plants
      • 10: Genetics and Evolution >
        • 10.1: Meiosis
        • 10.2: Inheritance
        • 10.3: Gene Pools and Speciation
      • 11: Animal Physiology >
        • 11.1: Antibody Production and Vaccination
        • 11.2: Movement
        • 11.3: Kidney and Osmoregulation
        • 11.4: Sexual Reproduction
    • Options >
      • D: Human Physiology >
        • D.1: Human Nutrition
        • D.2: Digestion
        • D.3: Functions of the Liver
        • D.4: The Heart
        • D.5: Hormones and Metabolism
        • D.6: Transport of Respiratory Gases
  • IB Requirements
    • Learner Profile
    • Group 4 Project
    • External Exam
    • Internal Assessment >
      • Personal Engagement
      • Exploration
      • Analysis
      • Evaluation
      • Communication
    • Extended Essay
  • Investigation Skills
    • Lab Safety
    • Microscopy
    • Lab Drawings
    • Data Tables
    • Measurement
    • Statistics >
      • Descriptive Statistics >
        • Skew
        • Measures of Central Tendancy
        • Measures of Spread
        • Pearson Correlation
      • Inferential Statistics >
        • T-Test
        • ANOVA
        • Kruskal-Wallis
        • X2 Test for Independence
        • X2 Goodness of Fit
    • Graphing >
      • Graphing with Excel
      • Interpreting Error Bars
    • Error Analysis
  • Course Info
    • Above & Beyond >
      • Biology Club
      • Pumpkin Carving
      • Scavenger Hunt
      • Science News
      • IB Bio Dance
      • Wood Duck Project
      • Invasive Crayfish Project
    • Assessment >
      • Class Grading IB Bio I
      • Class Grading IB Bio II
      • Daily Quizzes
      • Lab Practicals
    • Class Photos
    • Recommendations
    • Supplemental Reading
  • Contact
  • About
    • Philosophy
    • Resume
    • Reflection
    • Site Feedback
    • Favorite Quotes
    • AEF Blog
  • Expeditions
    • Bahamas (2009)
    • Trinidad (2010)
    • Trinidad (2011)
    • Ecuador (2012)
    • Trinidad (2013)
    • Peru (2014)
    • Bahamas (2015)
    • Peru (2016)
    • Costa Rica (2017)
    • Costa Rica (2018)
    • Arizona (2022)
    • Florida (2023)
  • Summer Ecology Research