BIOLOGY FOR LIFE
  • Syllabus
    • Core >
      • 1: Cell Biology >
        • 1.1: Introduction to Cells
        • 1.2: Ultrastructure of Cells
        • 1.3: Membrane Structure
        • 1.4: Membrane Transport
        • 1.5: The Origin of Cells
        • 1.6: Cell Division
      • 2: Molecular Biology >
        • 2.1: Molecules to Metabolism
        • 2.2: Water
        • 2.3: Carbohydrates and Lipids
        • 2.4: Proteins
        • 2.5: Enzymes
        • 2.6: DNA and RNA
        • 2.7: DNA Replication, Transcription and Translation
        • 2.8: Cell Respiration
        • 2.9: Photosynthesis
      • 3: Genetics >
        • 3.1: Genes
        • 3.2: Chromosomes
        • 3.3: Meiosis
        • 3.4: Inheritance
        • 3.5: Genetic Modification and Biotechnology
      • 4: Ecology >
        • 4.1: Species, Communities and Ecosystems
        • 4.2: Energy Flow
        • 4.3: Carbon Cycling
        • 4.4: Climate Change
      • 5: Evolution and Biodiversity >
        • 5.1: Evidence for Evolution
        • 5.2: Natural Selection
        • 5.3: Classification and Biodiversity
        • 5.4: Cladistics
      • 6: Human Physiology >
        • 6.1: Digestion and Absorption
        • 6.2: The Blood System
        • 6.3: Defense Against Infectious Disease
        • 6.4: Gas Exchange
        • 6.5: Neurons and Synapses
        • 6.6: Hormones, Homeostasis and Reproduction
    • Higher Level >
      • 7: Nucleic Acids >
        • 7.1: DNA Structure and Replication
        • 7.2: Transcription and Gene Expression
        • 7.3: Translation
      • 8: Metabolism, Cell Respiration & Photosynthesis >
        • 8.1: Metabolism
        • 8.2: Cell Respiration
        • 8.3: Photosynthesis
      • 9: Plant Biology >
        • 9.1: Transport in the Xylem of Plants
        • 9.2: Transport in the Phloem of Plants
        • 9.3: Growth in Plants
        • 9.4: Reproduction in Plants
      • 10: Genetics and Evolution >
        • 10.1: Meiosis
        • 10.2: Inheritance
        • 10.3: Gene Pools and Speciation
      • 11: Animal Physiology >
        • 11.1: Antibody Production and Vaccination
        • 11.2: Movement
        • 11.3: Kidney and Osmoregulation
        • 11.4: Sexual Reproduction
    • Options >
      • D: Human Physiology >
        • D.1: Human Nutrition
        • D.2: Digestion
        • D.3: Functions of the Liver
        • D.4: The Heart
        • D.5: Hormones and Metabolism
        • D.6: Transport of Respiratory Gases
  • IB Requirements
    • Learner Profile
    • Group 4 Project
    • External Exam
    • Internal Assessment >
      • Personal Engagement
      • Exploration
      • Analysis
      • Evaluation
      • Communication
    • Extended Essay
  • Investigation Skills
    • Lab Safety
    • Microscopy
    • Lab Drawings
    • Data Tables
    • Measurement
    • Statistics >
      • Descriptive Statistics >
        • Skew
        • Measures of Central Tendancy
        • Measures of Spread
        • Pearson Correlation
      • Inferential Statistics >
        • T-Test
        • ANOVA
        • Kruskal-Wallis
        • X2 Test for Independence
        • X2 Goodness of Fit
    • Graphing >
      • Graphing with Excel
      • Interpreting Error Bars
    • Error Analysis
  • Course Info
    • Above & Beyond >
      • Biology Club
      • Pumpkin Carving
      • Scavenger Hunt
      • Science News
      • IB Bio Dance
      • Wood Duck Project
      • Invasive Crayfish Project
    • Assessment >
      • Class Grading IB Bio I
      • Class Grading IB Bio II
      • Daily Quizzes
      • WICC Assessment
      • Lab Practicals
    • Assessment Statements
    • Class Photos
    • Recommendations
    • Supplemental Reading
  • Contact
  • About
    • Philosophy
    • Resume
    • Reflection
    • Site Feedback
    • Favorite Quotes
    • AEF Blog
  • Expeditions
    • Bahamas (2009)
    • Trinidad (2010)
    • Trinidad (2011)
    • Ecuador (2012)
    • Trinidad (2013)
    • Peru (2014)
    • Bahamas (2015)
    • Peru (2016)
    • Costa Rica (2017)
    • Costa Rica (2018)
    • Arizona (2022)
  • Summer Ecology Research

Topic 2.3:
Carbohydrates and Lipids

Essential Idea:  Compounds of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are used to supply and store energy. 
  • Outline answer to each objective statement for topic 2.3 (coming soon)
  • Quizlet study set for this topic
At SHS, Topic 2.3 is taught in the following class unit(s):​​
  • Water (unit 9)
  • ​​Carbohydrates and Lipids (unit 11)
2.3.U1  Monosaccharide monomers are linked together by condensation reactions to form disaccharides and polysaccharide polymers.
  • Define monosaccharide, disaccharide and polysaccharide.
  • List three examples of monosaccharides.
  • List three examples of disaccharides.
  • List three examples of polysaccharides.
  • Use molecular diagrams to draw the formation of maltose from two glucose monomers.
  • Explain a condensation reaction connecting two monosaccharides in the formation of a disaccharide.
2.3.U2  Fatty acids can be saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated.
  • Describe the differences between saturated and unsaturated (mono- or poly-) fatty acids.
2.3.U3  Unsaturated fatty acids can be cis or trans isomers.
  • Describe the differences between cis- and trans- fatty acids.
2.3.U4  Triglycerides are formed by condensation from three fatty acids and one glycerol. 
  • Outline the difference between fats and oils.
  • Explain a condensation reaction connecting fatty acids and glycerol to form a triglyceride..
  • State two functions of triglycerides.
2.3.A1  Structure and function of cellulose and starch in plants and glycogen in humans. 
  • State the structural difference between alpha and beta glucose.
  • Contrast the structure and functions of cellulose, amylose, amylopectin and glycogen.
2.3.A2  Scientific evidence for health risks of trans fat and saturated fatty acids. 
  • Discuss the relationship between saturated fatty acid  and trans-unsaturated fat intake and rates of coronary heart disease.
2.3.A3  Lipids are more suitable for long term energy storage in humans than carbohydrates. 
  • Explain the energy storage of lipids compared to that of carbohydrates.
2.3.A4  Evaluation of evidence and the methods used to obtain the evidence for health claims made about lipids. 
  • Define evaluation in respect to evidence from and methods of research.
  • Outline the manner in which the implications of research can be assessed.
  • Outline the manner in which the limitations of research can be assessed.
  • Evaluate a given health claim made about lipids.
2.3.S1  Use of molecular visualization software to compare cellulose, starch and glycogen.
  • Demonstrate use of JMol to view molecular structures, including changing image size, rotating the image and changing the style of the molecular model.
  • Identify carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms by color.
2.3.S2  Determination of body mass index by calculation or use of a nomogram. 
  • Calculate BMI using the formula.
  • Determine BMI using a nomogram.
  • Outline effects of a BMI that is too high or too low.
2.3.NOS  Evaluating claims- health claims made about lipids in diets need to be assessed. 
  • Describe how the effect of lipids on health can be assessed scientifically.

In the News:

  • Discovery reveals how plants make cellulose for strength and growth (2020-07-09)
  • Rural areas drive increases in global obesity (2019-05-08)
  • Dietary fat is good? Dietary fat is bad? Coming to consensus (2018-11-15)
  • How To Be A Savvy Consumer Of Science News (2018-07-17)
  • ​Industrial trans fats must be removed from food supply, WHO says (2018-05-14)
  • Pasture feeding may improve nutritional benefits of red meat (2015-01-21)
  • A novel shuttle for fatty acids (2015-02-03)
  • Salty, sweet, sour. Is it time to make fat the sixth taste? (2015-02-18)
  • More light shed on on biomass breakdown (2015-01-23)
  • A taxi ride to starch granules (2015-02-26)
  • How stick insects handle indigestive food (2016-03-10)
  • ​Dietary Guidelines for Americans—Eat Less Fat (2016-05-03)
  • A call for a low-carb diet that embraces fat (2014-09-01)
  • Trans fat bans lessen health risks, research suggests (2017-04-14)
  • ​Don't use body mass index to determine whether people are healthy (2016-02-04)
  • ​Higher BMI not associated with increased risk of heart attack or early death, twin study shows (2016-08-01)
  • F.D.A. sets 2018 deadline to rid foods of trans fats (2016-06-16)
  • The Food Industry's Influence In Nutrition Research (2016-09-17)
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"When we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it hitched to everything else in the Universe." 
 John Muir,   1911
  • Syllabus
    • Core >
      • 1: Cell Biology >
        • 1.1: Introduction to Cells
        • 1.2: Ultrastructure of Cells
        • 1.3: Membrane Structure
        • 1.4: Membrane Transport
        • 1.5: The Origin of Cells
        • 1.6: Cell Division
      • 2: Molecular Biology >
        • 2.1: Molecules to Metabolism
        • 2.2: Water
        • 2.3: Carbohydrates and Lipids
        • 2.4: Proteins
        • 2.5: Enzymes
        • 2.6: DNA and RNA
        • 2.7: DNA Replication, Transcription and Translation
        • 2.8: Cell Respiration
        • 2.9: Photosynthesis
      • 3: Genetics >
        • 3.1: Genes
        • 3.2: Chromosomes
        • 3.3: Meiosis
        • 3.4: Inheritance
        • 3.5: Genetic Modification and Biotechnology
      • 4: Ecology >
        • 4.1: Species, Communities and Ecosystems
        • 4.2: Energy Flow
        • 4.3: Carbon Cycling
        • 4.4: Climate Change
      • 5: Evolution and Biodiversity >
        • 5.1: Evidence for Evolution
        • 5.2: Natural Selection
        • 5.3: Classification and Biodiversity
        • 5.4: Cladistics
      • 6: Human Physiology >
        • 6.1: Digestion and Absorption
        • 6.2: The Blood System
        • 6.3: Defense Against Infectious Disease
        • 6.4: Gas Exchange
        • 6.5: Neurons and Synapses
        • 6.6: Hormones, Homeostasis and Reproduction
    • Higher Level >
      • 7: Nucleic Acids >
        • 7.1: DNA Structure and Replication
        • 7.2: Transcription and Gene Expression
        • 7.3: Translation
      • 8: Metabolism, Cell Respiration & Photosynthesis >
        • 8.1: Metabolism
        • 8.2: Cell Respiration
        • 8.3: Photosynthesis
      • 9: Plant Biology >
        • 9.1: Transport in the Xylem of Plants
        • 9.2: Transport in the Phloem of Plants
        • 9.3: Growth in Plants
        • 9.4: Reproduction in Plants
      • 10: Genetics and Evolution >
        • 10.1: Meiosis
        • 10.2: Inheritance
        • 10.3: Gene Pools and Speciation
      • 11: Animal Physiology >
        • 11.1: Antibody Production and Vaccination
        • 11.2: Movement
        • 11.3: Kidney and Osmoregulation
        • 11.4: Sexual Reproduction
    • Options >
      • D: Human Physiology >
        • D.1: Human Nutrition
        • D.2: Digestion
        • D.3: Functions of the Liver
        • D.4: The Heart
        • D.5: Hormones and Metabolism
        • D.6: Transport of Respiratory Gases
  • IB Requirements
    • Learner Profile
    • Group 4 Project
    • External Exam
    • Internal Assessment >
      • Personal Engagement
      • Exploration
      • Analysis
      • Evaluation
      • Communication
    • Extended Essay
  • Investigation Skills
    • Lab Safety
    • Microscopy
    • Lab Drawings
    • Data Tables
    • Measurement
    • Statistics >
      • Descriptive Statistics >
        • Skew
        • Measures of Central Tendancy
        • Measures of Spread
        • Pearson Correlation
      • Inferential Statistics >
        • T-Test
        • ANOVA
        • Kruskal-Wallis
        • X2 Test for Independence
        • X2 Goodness of Fit
    • Graphing >
      • Graphing with Excel
      • Interpreting Error Bars
    • Error Analysis
  • Course Info
    • Above & Beyond >
      • Biology Club
      • Pumpkin Carving
      • Scavenger Hunt
      • Science News
      • IB Bio Dance
      • Wood Duck Project
      • Invasive Crayfish Project
    • Assessment >
      • Class Grading IB Bio I
      • Class Grading IB Bio II
      • Daily Quizzes
      • WICC Assessment
      • Lab Practicals
    • Assessment Statements
    • Class Photos
    • Recommendations
    • Supplemental Reading
  • Contact
  • About
    • Philosophy
    • Resume
    • Reflection
    • Site Feedback
    • Favorite Quotes
    • AEF Blog
  • Expeditions
    • Bahamas (2009)
    • Trinidad (2010)
    • Trinidad (2011)
    • Ecuador (2012)
    • Trinidad (2013)
    • Peru (2014)
    • Bahamas (2015)
    • Peru (2016)
    • Costa Rica (2017)
    • Costa Rica (2018)
    • Arizona (2022)
  • Summer Ecology Research