Essential Idea:  Reproduction in flowering plants is influenced by the biotic and abiotic environments.

• Outline answer to each objective statement for topic 9.4 (coming soon)
• Quizlet study set for this topic (coming soon)

At SHS, Topic 9.4 is taught in the following class unit(s):​​​​​​​​​​​​​

• Communities and Ecosystems
• Angiosperm Reproduction 

9.4.U1  Flowering involves a change in gene expression in the shoot apex.​

• Compare the vegetative and reproductive phases of the angiospermatophyta life cycle.
• State that flowers are produced from a shoot apical meristem.
• State two abiotic factors that may trigger flowering.
• Compare the timing of flowering in short-day plants and long-day plants.
• Outline the process by which changes in gene expression trigger flowering.

9.4.U2  The switch to flowering is a response to the length of light and dark periods in many plants.​

• State the role of the pigment phytochrome.
• Describe the conversions between the two forms of phytochrome.
• Describe role of phytochrome in controlling flowering in long and short day plants.

9.4.U3  Success in plant reproduction depends on pollination, fertilization and seed dispersal.

• ​Define pollination, fertilization and seed dispersal.
• State the changes to the ovule and ovary that result from fertilization.
• List mechanisms of seed dispersal.

9.4.U4  Most flowering plants use mutualistic relationships with pollinators in sexual reproduction.​

• Define mutualism.​
• Explain an example of mutualism between a flowering plant and its pollinator.

9.4.A1  Methods used to induce short-day plants to flower out of season.

• State how plants can be manipulated to force flowering out of season.

​9.4.S1  Drawing internal structure of seeds.

• Draw and label the structure of seeds, including:
  • Embryo root
  • Embryo shoot
  • Cotykedons
  • Testa
  • Micropyle
  • Hilum
• State the function of the different parts of the seed. ​

9.4.S2  Drawing of half-views of animal-pollinated flowers.

• Draw and label an animal pollinated flower, including:
  • Nectar-secreting glands
  • Petals
  • Sepals
  • Anthers
  • Filaments
  • Carpel
  • Stigma
  • Style
  • Ovary
  • Ovule
• State the function of the different parts of the animal-pollinated flower. ​

9.4.S3  Design of experiments to test hypothesis about factors affecting germination.​

• Define germination.
• Outline why water, oxygen and warmth are required for germination.
• Outline the role of gibberellin during germination.
• Write five example problem questions for experiments that could test factors affecting germination.

9.4.NOS  Paradigm shift-more than 85% of the world’s 250,000 species of flowering plant depend on pollinators for reproduction. This knowledge has led to protecting entire ecosystems rather than individual species.

• Contrast traditional conservation efforts with newer strategies of conservation.