BIOLOGY FOR LIFE
  • IB Biology I
  • IB Biology II
  • Syllabus
    • Core >
      • 1: Cell Biology >
        • 1.1: Introduction to Cells
        • 1.2: Ultrastructure of Cells
        • 1.3: Membrane Structure
        • 1.4: Membrane Transport
        • 1.5: The Origin of Cells
        • 1.6: Cell Division
      • 2: Molecular Biology >
        • 2.1: Molecules to Metabolism
        • 2.2: Water
        • 2.3: Carbohydrates and Lipids
        • 2.4: Proteins
        • 2.5: Enzymes
        • 2.6: DNA and RNA
        • 2.7: DNA Replication, Transcription and Translation
        • 2.8: Cell Respiration
        • 2.9: Photosynthesis
      • 3: Genetics >
        • 3.1: Genes
        • 3.2: Chromosomes
        • 3.3: Meiosis
        • 3.4: Inheritance
        • 3.5: Genetic Modification and Biotechnology
      • 4: Ecology >
        • 4.1: Species, Communities and Ecosystems
        • 4.2: Energy Flow
        • 4.3: Carbon Cycling
        • 4.4: Climate Change
      • 5: Evolution and Biodiversity >
        • 5.1: Evidence for Evolution
        • 5.2: Natural Selection
        • 5.3: Classification and Biodiversity
        • 5.4: Cladistics
      • 6: Human Physiology >
        • 6.1: Digestion and Absorption
        • 6.2: The Blood System
        • 6.3: Defense Against Infectious Disease
        • 6.4: Gas Exchange
        • 6.5: Neurons and Synapses
        • 6.6: Hormones, Homeostasis and Reproduction
    • Higher Level >
      • 7: Nucleic Acids >
        • 7.1: DNA Structure and Replication
        • 7.2: Transcription and Gene Expression
        • 7.3: Translation
      • 8: Metabolism, Cell Respiration & Photosynthesis >
        • 8.1: Metabolism
        • 8.2: Cell Respiration
        • 8.3: Photosynthesis
      • 9: Plant Biology >
        • 9.1: Transport in the Xylem of Plants
        • 9.2: Transport in the Phloem of Plants
        • 9.3: Growth in Plants
        • 9.4: Reproduction in Plants
      • 10: Genetics and Evolution >
        • 10.1: Meiosis
        • 10.2: Inheritance
        • 10.3: Gene Pools and Speciation
      • 11: Animal Physiology >
        • 11.1: Antibody Production and Vaccination
        • 11.2: Movement
        • 11.3: Kidney and Osmoregulation
        • 11.4: Sexual Reproduction
    • Options >
      • D: Human Physiology >
        • D.1: Human Nutrition
        • D.2: Digestion
        • D.3: Functions of the Liver
        • D.4: The Heart
        • D.5: Hormones and Metabolism
        • D.6: Transport of Respiratory Gases
  • IB Requirements
    • Learner Profile
    • Group 4 Project
    • External Exam
    • Internal Assessment >
      • Personal Engagement
      • Exploration
      • Analysis
      • Evaluation
      • Communication
    • Extended Essay
  • Investigation Skills
    • Lab Safety
    • Microscopy
    • Lab Drawings
    • Data Tables
    • Measurement
    • Statistics >
      • Descriptive Statistics >
        • Skew
        • Measures of Central Tendancy
        • Measures of Spread
        • Pearson Correlation
      • Inferential Statistics >
        • T-Test
        • ANOVA
        • Kruskal-Wallis
        • X2 Test for Independence
        • X2 Goodness of Fit
    • Graphing >
      • Graphing with Excel
      • Interpreting Error Bars
    • Error Analysis
  • Course Info
    • Above & Beyond >
      • Biology Club
      • Pumpkin Carving
      • Scavenger Hunt
      • Science News
      • IB Bio Dance
      • Wood Duck Project
      • Invasive Crayfish Project
    • Assessment >
      • Class Grading IB Bio I
      • Class Grading IB Bio II
      • Daily Quizzes
      • WICC Assessment
      • Lab Practicals
    • Assessment Statements
    • Class Photos
    • Recommendations
    • Supplemental Reading
  • Contact
  • About
    • Philosophy
    • Resume
    • Reflection
    • Site Feedback
    • Favorite Quotes
    • AEF Blog
  • Expeditions
    • Bahamas (2009)
    • Trinidad (2010)
    • Trinidad (2011)
    • Ecuador (2012)
    • Trinidad (2013)
    • Peru (2014)
    • Bahamas (2015)
    • Peru (2016)
    • Costa Rica (2017)
    • Costa Rica (2018)
    • Peru (2020)
  • Alumni
  • Summer Ecology Research

Topic 1.6:
​Cell Division

Essential Idea:  Cell division is essential but must be controlled.
  • Outline answer to each objective statement for topic 1.6 (coming soon)
  • Quizlet study set for this topic
At SHS, Topic 1.6 is taught in the following class unit(s):
  • ​Cell Division (unit 6A)
  • Cell Cycle and Cancer (unit 6B)
1.6.U1  Mitosis is division of the nucleus into two genetically identical daughter nuclei.
  • State the function of mitosis.
  • List four processes which involve mitosis.
  • State the names of the four phases of mitosis.
  • Draw typical eukaryotic cells as they would appear during the interphase and the four phases of mitosis.
  • Outline four events that occur during prophase.
  • Outline the process of metaphase, inclusive of the role of microtubules and the kinetochore.
  • Outline the process of anaphase.
  • Outline four events that occur during telophase.​
1.6.U2  Chromosomes condense by supercoiling during mitosis.
  • Describe the structure of a replicated chromosome, include the centromere and sister chromatids.
  • Explain why chromosomes must condense during mitosis.
1.6.U3  Cytokinesis occurs after mitosis and is different in plants and animal cells.
  • Define cytokinesis.
  • State the difference between mitosis and cytokinesis.
  • Contrast cytokinesis in plant and animal cells. 
  • Describe the formation of the cleavage furrow in animal cell cytokinesis.
  • Describe the formation of the middle lamella and cell wall in plant cell cytokinesis.​
1.6.U4  Interphase is a very active phase of the cell cycle with many processes occurring in the nucleus and cytoplasm.
  • List example metabolic reactions occurring during cell interphase.
  • Outline events of G1, S, G2 and G0 phases of interphase.​
1.6.U5  Cyclins are involved in the control of the cell cycle.
  • Explain the role of cyclin and cyclin-CDK complexes in controlling the cell cycle. 
  • State the role of cyclins D, B, A and E in the cell cycle.​
1.6.U6  Mutagens, oncogenes and metastasis are involved in the development of primary and secondary tumors.
  • Define tumor, benign, malignant, metastasis, cancer, mutagen and carcinogen.
  • Describe why mutagens are not necessarily carcinogens.
  • Describe how cancer arises, referring to accumulation of mutations over time.
  • Explain the relationship between oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes and cancer.​
1.6.A1  The correlation between smoking and incidence of cancers.
  • Explain the use of correlations to determine the relationship between two variables (inclusive of positive and negative correlations).
  • Explain why the existence of a correlation does not necessitate a causal relationship between two variables. 
  • Calculate a correlation coefficient using Pearson's R.
  • Determine if a correlation coefficient value is significant.
  • Define significant as related to the relationship between two variables.
  • Use epidemiological case study information to outline the relationships between smoking and cancer.​
1.6.S1  Identification of phases of mitosis in cells viewed with a microscope or in a micrograph.
  • Determine the phase of mitosis of a cell viewed in a micrograph or with a microscope.
1.6.S2  Determination of a mitotic index from a micrograph
  • State the formula for calculation of a mitotic index.
  • Calculate the mitotic index of a tissue as seen in a micrograph.
  • Outline the use of mitotic index calculations in diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
1.6.NOS  Serendipity and scientific discoveries- the discoveries of cyclins was accidental.
  • Outline the discovery of cyclins including the role of serendipity. ​

In the News:

  • Massive cancer genome study reveals how DNA errors drive tumor growth (2020-02-05)
  • Scientists detail how chromosomes reorganize after cell division (2019-12-04)
  • Unraveling breast cancer risk (2019-02-14)
  • Biological sex shapes tumour evolution across cancer types (2019-02-13)
  • Scientists develop 10-minute universal cancer test (2018-12-04)
  • Cells decide when to divide based on their internal clocks (2018-11-16)
  • Tall people at greater risk of cancer 'because they have more cells' (2018-10-23)
  • Researchers Explore a Cancer Paradox (2018-10-18)
  • Cancer will kill 9.6m people this year, experts predict (2018-09-12)
  • Modern myths about cancer – from ‘chemicals’ in food to wifi (2018-08-20)
  • Beyond BRCA: Links between breast, second primary cancer and inherited mutations (2018-05-31)
  • How a cell knows when to divide (2018-05-23)
  • Even DNA that doesn't encode genes can drive cancer (2018-04-02)
  • Why premature cell division promotes cancers (2018-02-28)
  • ​Fewer Americans think smoking a pack a day poses a great health risk (2018-02-27)
  • ​How cells rebuild after mitosis (2017-12-04)
  • A Zombie Gene Protects Elephants From Cancer (2017-11)
  • Genomic studies track early hints of cancer (2017-10-27)
  • Distant relatives: TOR protein regulates cell growth in plants and animals (2017-10-27)
  • ​A mutation supercharges tumor-suppressor (2017-10-09)
  • ​p53 'master switch' remains top target in gene signaling network controlling cancer suppression (2017-10-09)
  • ​Discovery of chromosome motor supports DNA loop extrusion (2017-09-07)
  • Chromosome mechanics guide nuclear assembly (2017-08-24)
  • ​Unraveling cell division: Process of mitosis more clear, thanks to new research (2014-09-16)
  • Unlocking long-hidden mechanisms of plant cell division (2014-09-25)
  • ​Cells check DNA segregation at the end of their division (2015-05-05)​
  • ​​DNA replication: Protein scaffold created by researchers (2015-05-27)
  • Scientists identify structure of crucial enzyme in cell division (2016-03-30)
  • ​​Purging the body of 'retired' cells could reverse ageing, study shows (2017-03-23)
  • 'Hail Mary' mechanism can rescue cells with severely damaged chromosomes​ (2017-06-05)​
  • ​A biological quest leads to a new kind of breast cancer drug (2015-02-19)​
  • ​An unstoppable killer: New research suggests cancer can't be eradicated (2014-08-21)
  • Cancer’s random assault (2015-01-05)
  • An extra protein gives naked mole rats more power to stop cancer (2015-02-04)
  • Know your exposure: A cancer quiz (2015-02-11)
  • You can still get skin cancer in the shade (2015-02-19)
  • Gene previously observed only in brain is important driver of metastatic breast cancer (2016-02-12)
  • ​THE CANCER ALMANAC (2016-05-12)
  • A Map To Help Cancer Doctors Find Their Way (2016-09-09)
  • Smoking and mortality — Beyond established causes (2015-02-12)
  • A New Death Toll for Smoking​ (2016-10-31)
  • DNA study lays bare devastating damage caused by smoking (2016-11-03)
  • Cancer Is Partly Caused By Bad Luck, Study Finds (2017-03-23)
  • Century-old tumours could shed light on rare childhood cancers (2017-05-18)
  • Why do BRCA1 mutations cause predominantly breast and ovarian cancer? (2017-07-18)
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"When we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it hitched to everything else in the Universe." 
 John Muir,   1911
  • IB Biology I
  • IB Biology II
  • Syllabus
    • Core >
      • 1: Cell Biology >
        • 1.1: Introduction to Cells
        • 1.2: Ultrastructure of Cells
        • 1.3: Membrane Structure
        • 1.4: Membrane Transport
        • 1.5: The Origin of Cells
        • 1.6: Cell Division
      • 2: Molecular Biology >
        • 2.1: Molecules to Metabolism
        • 2.2: Water
        • 2.3: Carbohydrates and Lipids
        • 2.4: Proteins
        • 2.5: Enzymes
        • 2.6: DNA and RNA
        • 2.7: DNA Replication, Transcription and Translation
        • 2.8: Cell Respiration
        • 2.9: Photosynthesis
      • 3: Genetics >
        • 3.1: Genes
        • 3.2: Chromosomes
        • 3.3: Meiosis
        • 3.4: Inheritance
        • 3.5: Genetic Modification and Biotechnology
      • 4: Ecology >
        • 4.1: Species, Communities and Ecosystems
        • 4.2: Energy Flow
        • 4.3: Carbon Cycling
        • 4.4: Climate Change
      • 5: Evolution and Biodiversity >
        • 5.1: Evidence for Evolution
        • 5.2: Natural Selection
        • 5.3: Classification and Biodiversity
        • 5.4: Cladistics
      • 6: Human Physiology >
        • 6.1: Digestion and Absorption
        • 6.2: The Blood System
        • 6.3: Defense Against Infectious Disease
        • 6.4: Gas Exchange
        • 6.5: Neurons and Synapses
        • 6.6: Hormones, Homeostasis and Reproduction
    • Higher Level >
      • 7: Nucleic Acids >
        • 7.1: DNA Structure and Replication
        • 7.2: Transcription and Gene Expression
        • 7.3: Translation
      • 8: Metabolism, Cell Respiration & Photosynthesis >
        • 8.1: Metabolism
        • 8.2: Cell Respiration
        • 8.3: Photosynthesis
      • 9: Plant Biology >
        • 9.1: Transport in the Xylem of Plants
        • 9.2: Transport in the Phloem of Plants
        • 9.3: Growth in Plants
        • 9.4: Reproduction in Plants
      • 10: Genetics and Evolution >
        • 10.1: Meiosis
        • 10.2: Inheritance
        • 10.3: Gene Pools and Speciation
      • 11: Animal Physiology >
        • 11.1: Antibody Production and Vaccination
        • 11.2: Movement
        • 11.3: Kidney and Osmoregulation
        • 11.4: Sexual Reproduction
    • Options >
      • D: Human Physiology >
        • D.1: Human Nutrition
        • D.2: Digestion
        • D.3: Functions of the Liver
        • D.4: The Heart
        • D.5: Hormones and Metabolism
        • D.6: Transport of Respiratory Gases
  • IB Requirements
    • Learner Profile
    • Group 4 Project
    • External Exam
    • Internal Assessment >
      • Personal Engagement
      • Exploration
      • Analysis
      • Evaluation
      • Communication
    • Extended Essay
  • Investigation Skills
    • Lab Safety
    • Microscopy
    • Lab Drawings
    • Data Tables
    • Measurement
    • Statistics >
      • Descriptive Statistics >
        • Skew
        • Measures of Central Tendancy
        • Measures of Spread
        • Pearson Correlation
      • Inferential Statistics >
        • T-Test
        • ANOVA
        • Kruskal-Wallis
        • X2 Test for Independence
        • X2 Goodness of Fit
    • Graphing >
      • Graphing with Excel
      • Interpreting Error Bars
    • Error Analysis
  • Course Info
    • Above & Beyond >
      • Biology Club
      • Pumpkin Carving
      • Scavenger Hunt
      • Science News
      • IB Bio Dance
      • Wood Duck Project
      • Invasive Crayfish Project
    • Assessment >
      • Class Grading IB Bio I
      • Class Grading IB Bio II
      • Daily Quizzes
      • WICC Assessment
      • Lab Practicals
    • Assessment Statements
    • Class Photos
    • Recommendations
    • Supplemental Reading
  • Contact
  • About
    • Philosophy
    • Resume
    • Reflection
    • Site Feedback
    • Favorite Quotes
    • AEF Blog
  • Expeditions
    • Bahamas (2009)
    • Trinidad (2010)
    • Trinidad (2011)
    • Ecuador (2012)
    • Trinidad (2013)
    • Peru (2014)
    • Bahamas (2015)
    • Peru (2016)
    • Costa Rica (2017)
    • Costa Rica (2018)
    • Peru (2020)
  • Alumni
  • Summer Ecology Research