Essential Idea:  Cell division is essential but must be controlled.

• Outline answer to each objective statement for topic 1.6 (coming soon)
• Quizlet study set for this topic

At SHS, Topic 1.6 is taught in the following class unit(s):

• ​Cell Division (unit 6A)
• Cell Cycle and Cancer (unit 6B)

1.6.U1  Mitosis is division of the nucleus into two genetically identical daughter nuclei.

• State the function of mitosis.
• List four processes which involve mitosis.
• State the names of the four phases of mitosis.
• Draw typical eukaryotic cells as they would appear during the interphase and the four phases of mitosis.
• Outline four events that occur during prophase.
• Outline the process of metaphase, inclusive of the role of microtubules and the kinetochore.
• Outline the process of anaphase.
• Outline four events that occur during telophase.​

1.6.U2  Chromosomes condense by supercoiling during mitosis.

• Describe the structure of a replicated chromosome, include the centromere and sister chromatids.
• Explain why chromosomes must condense during mitosis.

1.6.U3  Cytokinesis occurs after mitosis and is different in plants and animal cells.

• Define cytokinesis.
• State the difference between mitosis and cytokinesis.
• Contrast cytokinesis in plant and animal cells. 
• Describe the formation of the cleavage furrow in animal cell cytokinesis.
• Describe the formation of the middle lamella and cell wall in plant cell cytokinesis.​

1.6.U4  Interphase is a very active phase of the cell cycle with many processes occurring in the nucleus and cytoplasm.

• List example metabolic reactions occurring during cell interphase.
• Outline events of G1, S, G2 and G0 phases of interphase.​

1.6.U5  Cyclins are involved in the control of the cell cycle.

• Explain the role of cyclin and cyclin-CDK complexes in controlling the cell cycle. 
• State the role of cyclins D, B, A and E in the cell cycle.​

1.6.U6  Mutagens, oncogenes and metastasis are involved in the development of primary and secondary tumors.

• Define tumor, benign, malignant, metastasis, cancer, mutagen and carcinogen.
• Describe why mutagens are not necessarily carcinogens.
• Describe how cancer arises, referring to accumulation of mutations over time.
• Explain the relationship between oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes and cancer.​

1.6.A1  The correlation between smoking and incidence of cancers.

• Explain the use of correlations to determine the relationship between two variables (inclusive of positive and negative correlations).
• Explain why the existence of a correlation does not necessitate a causal relationship between two variables. 
• Calculate a correlation coefficient using Pearson's R.
• Determine if a correlation coefficient value is significant.
• Define significant as related to the relationship between two variables.
• Use epidemiological case study information to outline the relationships between smoking and cancer.​

1.6.S1  Identification of phases of mitosis in cells viewed with a microscope or in a micrograph.

• Determine the phase of mitosis of a cell viewed in a micrograph or with a microscope.

1.6.S2  Determination of a mitotic index from a micrograph

• State the formula for calculation of a mitotic index.
• Calculate the mitotic index of a tissue as seen in a micrograph.
• Outline the use of mitotic index calculations in diagnosis and treatment of cancer.

1.6.NOS  Serendipity and scientific discoveries- the discoveries of cyclins was accidental.

• Outline the discovery of cyclins including the role of serendipity. ​

In the News:

• Scientists detail how chromosomes reorganize after cell division (2019-12-04)
  
• Unraveling breast cancer risk (2019-02-14)
• Biological sex shapes tumour evolution across cancer types (2019-02-13)
• Scientists develop 10-minute universal cancer test (2018-12-04)
• Cells decide when to divide based on their internal clocks (2018-11-16)
• Tall people at greater risk of cancer 'because they have more cells' (2018-10-23)
• Researchers Explore a Cancer Paradox (2018-10-18)
• Cancer will kill 9.6m people this year, experts predict (2018-09-12)
• Modern myths about cancer – from ‘chemicals’ in food to wifi (2018-08-20)
• Beyond BRCA: Links between breast, second primary cancer and inherited mutations (2018-05-31)
• How a cell knows when to divide (2018-05-23)
• Even DNA that doesn't encode genes can drive cancer (2018-04-02)
• Why premature cell division promotes cancers (2018-02-28)
• ​Fewer Americans think smoking a pack a day poses a great health risk (2018-02-27)
• ​How cells rebuild after mitosis (2017-12-04)
• A Zombie Gene Protects Elephants From Cancer (2017-11)
• Genomic studies track early hints of cancer (2017-10-27)
• Distant relatives: TOR protein regulates cell growth in plants and animals (2017-10-27)
• ​A mutation supercharges tumor-suppressor (2017-10-09)
• ​p53 'master switch' remains top target in gene signaling network controlling cancer suppression (2017-10-09)
• ​Discovery of chromosome motor supports DNA loop extrusion (2017-09-07)
• Chromosome mechanics guide nuclear assembly (2017-08-24)
• ​Unraveling cell division: Process of mitosis more clear, thanks to new research (2014-09-16)
• Unlocking long-hidden mechanisms of plant cell division (2014-09-25)
• ​Cells check DNA segregation at the end of their division (2015-05-05)​
• ​​DNA replication: Protein scaffold created by researchers (2015-05-27)
• Scientists identify structure of crucial enzyme in cell division (2016-03-30)
• ​​Purging the body of 'retired' cells could reverse ageing, study shows (2017-03-23)
• 'Hail Mary' mechanism can rescue cells with severely damaged chromosomes​ (2017-06-05)​
• ​A biological quest leads to a new kind of breast cancer drug (2015-02-19)​
• ​An unstoppable killer: New research suggests cancer can't be eradicated (2014-08-21)
• Cancer’s random assault (2015-01-05)
• An extra protein gives naked mole rats more power to stop cancer (2015-02-04)
• Know your exposure: A cancer quiz (2015-02-11)
• You can still get skin cancer in the shade (2015-02-19)
• Gene previously observed only in brain is important driver of metastatic breast cancer (2016-02-12)
• ​THE CANCER ALMANAC (2016-05-12)
• A Map To Help Cancer Doctors Find Their Way (2016-09-09)
• Smoking and mortality — Beyond established causes (2015-02-12)
• A New Death Toll for Smoking​ (2016-10-31)
• DNA study lays bare devastating damage caused by smoking (2016-11-03)
• Cancer Is Partly Caused By Bad Luck, Study Finds (2017-03-23)
• Century-old tumours could shed light on rare childhood cancers (2017-05-18)
• Why do BRCA1 mutations cause predominantly breast and ovarian cancer? (2017-07-18)

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