BIOLOGY FOR LIFE
  • ⭐IB Bio Syllabus⭐
    • Unity and Diversity (A) >
      • A1 molecules >
        • A1.1: Water
        • A1.2: Nucleic Acids
      • A2 Cells >
        • A2.1: Origins of Cells
        • A2.2: Cell Structure
        • A2.3: Viruses
      • A3 Organisms >
        • A3.1: Diversity of Organisms
        • A3.2: Classification and Cladistics
      • A4 Ecosystems >
        • A4.1: Evolution and Speciation
        • A4.2: Conservation of Biodiversity
    • Form and Function (B) >
      • B1 Molecules >
        • B1.1: Carbohydrates and Lipids
        • B1.2: Proteins
      • B2 Cells >
        • B2.1 Membranes and Membrane Transport
        • B2.2 Organelles and Compartmentalization
        • B2.3 Cell Specialization
      • B3 Organisms >
        • B3.1 Gas Exchange
        • B3.2 Transport
        • B3.3 Muscle and Motility
      • B4 Ecosystems >
        • B4.1 Adaptation to Environment
        • B4.2 Ecological Niches
    • Interaction and Interdependence (C) >
      • C1 Molecules >
        • C1.1: Enzymes and Metabolism
        • C1.2: Cell Respiration
        • C1.3: Photosynthesis
      • C2 Cells >
        • C2.1: Chemical Signaling
        • C2.2: Neural Signaling
      • C3 Organisms >
        • C3.1: Integration of Body Systems
        • C3.2: Defense Against Disease
      • C4 Ecosystems >
        • C4.1 Populations and Communities
        • C4.2 Transfers of Energy and Matter
    • Continuity and Change (D) >
      • D1 Molecules >
        • D1.1: DNA Replication
        • D1.2: Protein Synthesis
        • D1.3: Mutation and Gene Editing
      • D2 Cells >
        • D2.1: Cell and Nuclear Division
        • D2.2: Gene Expression
        • D2.3: Water Potential
      • D3 Organisms >
        • D3.1: Reproduction
        • D3.2: Inheritance
        • D3.3: Homeostasis
      • D4 Ecosystems >
        • D4.1: Natural Selection
        • D4.2: Stability and Change
        • D4.3: Climate Change
    • Legacy Syllabus (2016) >
      • Core >
        • 1: Cell Biology >
          • 1.1: Introduction to Cells
          • 1.2: Ultrastructure of Cells
          • 1.3: Membrane Structure
          • 1.4: Membrane Transport
          • 1.5: The Origin of Cells
          • 1.6: Cell Division
        • 2: Molecular Biology >
          • 2.1: Molecules to Metabolism
          • 2.2: Water
          • 2.3: Carbohydrates and Lipids
          • 2.4: Proteins
          • 2.5: Enzymes
          • 2.6: DNA and RNA
          • 2.7: DNA Replication, Transcription and Translation
          • 2.8: Cell Respiration
          • 2.9: Photosynthesis
        • 3: Genetics >
          • 3.1: Genes
          • 3.2: Chromosomes
          • 3.3: Meiosis
          • 3.4: Inheritance
          • 3.5: Genetic Modification and Biotechnology
        • 4: Ecology >
          • 4.1: Species, Communities and Ecosystems
          • 4.2: Energy Flow
          • 4.3: Carbon Cycling
          • 4.4: Climate Change
        • 5: Evolution and Biodiversity >
          • 5.1: Evidence for Evolution
          • 5.2: Natural Selection
          • 5.3: Classification and Biodiversity
          • 5.4: Cladistics
        • 6: Human Physiology >
          • 6.1: Digestion and Absorption
          • 6.2: The Blood System
          • 6.3: Defense Against Infectious Disease
          • 6.4: Gas Exchange
          • 6.5: Neurons and Synapses
          • 6.6: Hormones, Homeostasis and Reproduction
      • Higher Level >
        • 7: Nucleic Acids >
          • 7.1: DNA Structure and Replication
          • 7.2: Transcription and Gene Expression
          • 7.3: Translation
        • 8: Metabolism, Cell Respiration & Photosynthesis >
          • 8.1: Metabolism
          • 8.2: Cell Respiration
          • 8.3: Photosynthesis
        • 9: Plant Biology >
          • 9.1: Transport in the Xylem of Plants
          • 9.2: Transport in the Phloem of Plants
          • 9.3: Growth in Plants
          • 9.4: Reproduction in Plants
        • 10: Genetics and Evolution >
          • 10.1: Meiosis
          • 10.2: Inheritance
          • 10.3: Gene Pools and Speciation
        • 11: Animal Physiology >
          • 11.1: Antibody Production and Vaccination
          • 11.2: Movement
          • 11.3: Kidney and Osmoregulation
          • 11.4: Sexual Reproduction
      • Options >
        • D: Human Physiology >
          • D.1: Human Nutrition
          • D.2: Digestion
          • D.3: Functions of the Liver
          • D.4: The Heart
          • D.5: Hormones and Metabolism
          • D.6: Transport of Respiratory Gases
  • IB Requirements
    • Learner Profile
    • Collaborative Sciences Project
    • External Assessment
    • Internal Assessment >
      • Research Design
      • Analysis
      • Conclusion
      • Evaluation
    • Extended Essay
  • Exam Revision
    • Revision Tools
  • Skills for Biology
    • Tools >
      • Experimental Techniques >
        • Addressing Safety
        • Measuring Variables >
          • Lab Drawings
          • Measurement Uncertainty
        • Techniques >
          • Microscopy
      • Technology >
        • Graphing with Excel
      • Mathematics >
        • Statistics >
          • Glossary of Statistic Terms and Equations
          • Descriptive Statistics >
            • Skew and the Normal Distribution
            • Outliers
            • Measures of Central Tendancy
            • Measures of Spread
            • Pearson Correlation
          • Inferential Statistics >
            • T-Test
            • ANOVA
            • Kruskal-Wallis
            • X2 Test for Independence
            • X2 Goodness of Fit
        • Graphing >
          • Interpreting Error Bars
    • Inquiry Processes >
      • Exploring & Designing >
        • Research Questions
        • Hypotheses and Predictions
        • Varaibles
        • Sampling
      • Collecting & Processing Data >
        • Data Tables
      • Concluding & Evaluating >
        • Error Analysis
  • SHS Course Info
    • Above & Beyond >
      • Biology Club
      • Pumpkin Carving
      • Scavenger Hunt
      • Science News
      • Wood Duck Project (legacy)
      • Invasive Crayfish Project (legacy)
    • Assessment >
      • Class Grading IB Bio I
      • Class Grading IB Bio II
      • Daily Quizzes (legacy)
      • Lab Practicals (legacy)
    • Class Photos
    • Recommendations
  • Contact
  • About
    • Philosophy
    • Resume
    • Reflection
    • Favorite Quotes
    • AEF Blog
  • Expeditions
    • Bahamas (2009)
    • Trinidad (2010)
    • Trinidad (2011)
    • Ecuador (2012)
    • Trinidad (2013)
    • Peru (2014)
    • Bahamas (2015)
    • Peru (2016)
    • Costa Rica (2017)
    • Costa Rica (2018)
    • Arizona (2022)
    • Florida (2023)
    • Belize (2024)
    • Costa Rica (2025)
  • Summer Ecology Research
  • Teacher Resources

Topic 6.3: 
Defense Against Infectious Disease

Essential Idea:   The human body has structures and processes that resist the continuous threat of invasion by pathogens.
  • Outline answer to each objective statement for topic 6.3 (coming soon)
  • Quizlet study set for this topic
At SHS, Topic 6.3 is taught in the following class unit(s):​​​​​​​​
  • Prokaryotic Cells
  • Examples of Selection 
  • The Circulatory System 
  • Innate Immunity
  • Acquired Immunity
6.3.U1  The skin and mucous membranes form a primary defense against pathogens that cause infectious disease.
  • Define pathogen.
  • State that skin and mucous membranes form the first line of defense against pathogens.
  • Outline the role of skin, sebaceous glands and mucous membranes in the defense against pathogens.​
6.3.U2  Cuts in the skin are sealed by blood clotting.
  • State two benefits of blood clotting when skin is cut.​
6.3.U3  Clotting factors are released from platelets.
  • Outline two roles of platelets in the blood clotting cascade.​
6.3.U4  The cascade results in the rapid conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombrin.
  • Describe the blood clotting cascade, including the role of platelets, clotting factors, thrombin, fibrinogen and fibrin.
6.3.U5  Ingestion of pathogens by phagocytic white blood cells gives non-specific immunity to diseases.
  • State the white blood cells are the second line of defence against pathogens.
  • Outline the function of phagocytic white blood cells in defense against pathogens.​
6.3.U6  Production of antibodies by lymphocytes in response to particular pathogens gives specific immunity.
  • Define “specific immune response.”
  • Contrast antigen and antibody.
  • Describe the structure and function of antibodies.
  • State the function of plasma cells and memory cells.​
6.3.U7  Antibiotics blocks processes that occur in prokaryotic cells but not in eukaryotic cells
  • Define antibiotic.
  • Outline the mechanisms by which antibiotics kill bacteria.
  • Explain why antibiotics are ineffective against viruses.​
6.3.U8  Viruses lack a metabolism and cannot therefore be treated with antibiotics.
  • Explain why antibiotics are ineffective against viruses.
6.3.U9  Some strains of bacteria have evolved with genes that confer resistance to antibiotics and some strains of bacteria have multiple resistance.​
  • List five measures that can be taken to avoid the development of antibiotic resistance.
  • Explain why multiple drug antibiotic resistance is especially dangerous.
  • State an example of a multidrug resistant bacteria.
6.3.A1  Causes and consequences of blood clot formation in coronary arteries.
  • State the function of the coronary arteries.
  • Define coronary thrombosis.
  • List sources of arterial damage that increase the risk of coronary thrombosis.
  • List factors that are correlated with an increased risk of coronary thrombosis and heart attack.
6.3.A2  Effects of HIV on the immune system and methods of transmission.
  • Describe the consequences of the HIV on the immune system.
  • Outline the relationship between HIV and AIDS.
  • List ways the HIV virus is spread.
6.3.A3  Florey and Chain’s experiments to test penicillin on bacterial infections in mice.
  • Explain methods and results of Florey and Chain’s experiments.​
6.3.NOS  Risks associated with scientific research- Florey and Chain’s tests on the safety of penicillin would not be compliant with current protocol on testing.
  • Compare allowable research risks of the past with those of the present.​
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Picture
  • ⭐IB Bio Syllabus⭐
    • Unity and Diversity (A) >
      • A1 molecules >
        • A1.1: Water
        • A1.2: Nucleic Acids
      • A2 Cells >
        • A2.1: Origins of Cells
        • A2.2: Cell Structure
        • A2.3: Viruses
      • A3 Organisms >
        • A3.1: Diversity of Organisms
        • A3.2: Classification and Cladistics
      • A4 Ecosystems >
        • A4.1: Evolution and Speciation
        • A4.2: Conservation of Biodiversity
    • Form and Function (B) >
      • B1 Molecules >
        • B1.1: Carbohydrates and Lipids
        • B1.2: Proteins
      • B2 Cells >
        • B2.1 Membranes and Membrane Transport
        • B2.2 Organelles and Compartmentalization
        • B2.3 Cell Specialization
      • B3 Organisms >
        • B3.1 Gas Exchange
        • B3.2 Transport
        • B3.3 Muscle and Motility
      • B4 Ecosystems >
        • B4.1 Adaptation to Environment
        • B4.2 Ecological Niches
    • Interaction and Interdependence (C) >
      • C1 Molecules >
        • C1.1: Enzymes and Metabolism
        • C1.2: Cell Respiration
        • C1.3: Photosynthesis
      • C2 Cells >
        • C2.1: Chemical Signaling
        • C2.2: Neural Signaling
      • C3 Organisms >
        • C3.1: Integration of Body Systems
        • C3.2: Defense Against Disease
      • C4 Ecosystems >
        • C4.1 Populations and Communities
        • C4.2 Transfers of Energy and Matter
    • Continuity and Change (D) >
      • D1 Molecules >
        • D1.1: DNA Replication
        • D1.2: Protein Synthesis
        • D1.3: Mutation and Gene Editing
      • D2 Cells >
        • D2.1: Cell and Nuclear Division
        • D2.2: Gene Expression
        • D2.3: Water Potential
      • D3 Organisms >
        • D3.1: Reproduction
        • D3.2: Inheritance
        • D3.3: Homeostasis
      • D4 Ecosystems >
        • D4.1: Natural Selection
        • D4.2: Stability and Change
        • D4.3: Climate Change
    • Legacy Syllabus (2016) >
      • Core >
        • 1: Cell Biology >
          • 1.1: Introduction to Cells
          • 1.2: Ultrastructure of Cells
          • 1.3: Membrane Structure
          • 1.4: Membrane Transport
          • 1.5: The Origin of Cells
          • 1.6: Cell Division
        • 2: Molecular Biology >
          • 2.1: Molecules to Metabolism
          • 2.2: Water
          • 2.3: Carbohydrates and Lipids
          • 2.4: Proteins
          • 2.5: Enzymes
          • 2.6: DNA and RNA
          • 2.7: DNA Replication, Transcription and Translation
          • 2.8: Cell Respiration
          • 2.9: Photosynthesis
        • 3: Genetics >
          • 3.1: Genes
          • 3.2: Chromosomes
          • 3.3: Meiosis
          • 3.4: Inheritance
          • 3.5: Genetic Modification and Biotechnology
        • 4: Ecology >
          • 4.1: Species, Communities and Ecosystems
          • 4.2: Energy Flow
          • 4.3: Carbon Cycling
          • 4.4: Climate Change
        • 5: Evolution and Biodiversity >
          • 5.1: Evidence for Evolution
          • 5.2: Natural Selection
          • 5.3: Classification and Biodiversity
          • 5.4: Cladistics
        • 6: Human Physiology >
          • 6.1: Digestion and Absorption
          • 6.2: The Blood System
          • 6.3: Defense Against Infectious Disease
          • 6.4: Gas Exchange
          • 6.5: Neurons and Synapses
          • 6.6: Hormones, Homeostasis and Reproduction
      • Higher Level >
        • 7: Nucleic Acids >
          • 7.1: DNA Structure and Replication
          • 7.2: Transcription and Gene Expression
          • 7.3: Translation
        • 8: Metabolism, Cell Respiration & Photosynthesis >
          • 8.1: Metabolism
          • 8.2: Cell Respiration
          • 8.3: Photosynthesis
        • 9: Plant Biology >
          • 9.1: Transport in the Xylem of Plants
          • 9.2: Transport in the Phloem of Plants
          • 9.3: Growth in Plants
          • 9.4: Reproduction in Plants
        • 10: Genetics and Evolution >
          • 10.1: Meiosis
          • 10.2: Inheritance
          • 10.3: Gene Pools and Speciation
        • 11: Animal Physiology >
          • 11.1: Antibody Production and Vaccination
          • 11.2: Movement
          • 11.3: Kidney and Osmoregulation
          • 11.4: Sexual Reproduction
      • Options >
        • D: Human Physiology >
          • D.1: Human Nutrition
          • D.2: Digestion
          • D.3: Functions of the Liver
          • D.4: The Heart
          • D.5: Hormones and Metabolism
          • D.6: Transport of Respiratory Gases
  • IB Requirements
    • Learner Profile
    • Collaborative Sciences Project
    • External Assessment
    • Internal Assessment >
      • Research Design
      • Analysis
      • Conclusion
      • Evaluation
    • Extended Essay
  • Exam Revision
    • Revision Tools
  • Skills for Biology
    • Tools >
      • Experimental Techniques >
        • Addressing Safety
        • Measuring Variables >
          • Lab Drawings
          • Measurement Uncertainty
        • Techniques >
          • Microscopy
      • Technology >
        • Graphing with Excel
      • Mathematics >
        • Statistics >
          • Glossary of Statistic Terms and Equations
          • Descriptive Statistics >
            • Skew and the Normal Distribution
            • Outliers
            • Measures of Central Tendancy
            • Measures of Spread
            • Pearson Correlation
          • Inferential Statistics >
            • T-Test
            • ANOVA
            • Kruskal-Wallis
            • X2 Test for Independence
            • X2 Goodness of Fit
        • Graphing >
          • Interpreting Error Bars
    • Inquiry Processes >
      • Exploring & Designing >
        • Research Questions
        • Hypotheses and Predictions
        • Varaibles
        • Sampling
      • Collecting & Processing Data >
        • Data Tables
      • Concluding & Evaluating >
        • Error Analysis
  • SHS Course Info
    • Above & Beyond >
      • Biology Club
      • Pumpkin Carving
      • Scavenger Hunt
      • Science News
      • Wood Duck Project (legacy)
      • Invasive Crayfish Project (legacy)
    • Assessment >
      • Class Grading IB Bio I
      • Class Grading IB Bio II
      • Daily Quizzes (legacy)
      • Lab Practicals (legacy)
    • Class Photos
    • Recommendations
  • Contact
  • About
    • Philosophy
    • Resume
    • Reflection
    • Favorite Quotes
    • AEF Blog
  • Expeditions
    • Bahamas (2009)
    • Trinidad (2010)
    • Trinidad (2011)
    • Ecuador (2012)
    • Trinidad (2013)
    • Peru (2014)
    • Bahamas (2015)
    • Peru (2016)
    • Costa Rica (2017)
    • Costa Rica (2018)
    • Arizona (2022)
    • Florida (2023)
    • Belize (2024)
    • Costa Rica (2025)
  • Summer Ecology Research
  • Teacher Resources