BIOLOGY FOR LIFE
  • IB Biology I
  • IB Biology II
  • Syllabus
    • Core >
      • 1: Cell Biology >
        • 1.1: Introduction to Cells
        • 1.2: Ultrastructure of Cells
        • 1.3: Membrane Structure
        • 1.4: Membrane Transport
        • 1.5: The Origin of Cells
        • 1.6: Cell Division
      • 2: Molecular Biology >
        • 2.1: Molecules to Metabolism
        • 2.2: Water
        • 2.3: Carbohydrates and Lipids
        • 2.4: Proteins
        • 2.5: Enzymes
        • 2.6: DNA and RNA
        • 2.7: DNA Replication, Transcription and Translation
        • 2.8: Cell Respiration
        • 2.9: Photosynthesis
      • 3: Genetics >
        • 3.1: Genes
        • 3.2: Chromosomes
        • 3.3: Meiosis
        • 3.4: Inheritance
        • 3.5: Genetic Modification and Biotechnology
      • 4: Ecology >
        • 4.1: Species, Communities and Ecosystems
        • 4.2: Energy Flow
        • 4.3: Carbon Cycling
        • 4.4: Climate Change
      • 5: Evolution and Biodiversity >
        • 5.1: Evidence for Evolution
        • 5.2: Natural Selection
        • 5.3: Classification and Biodiversity
        • 5.4: Cladistics
      • 6: Human Physiology >
        • 6.1: Digestion and Absorption
        • 6.2: The Blood System
        • 6.3: Defense Against Infectious Disease
        • 6.4: Gas Exchange
        • 6.5: Neurons and Synapses
        • 6.6: Hormones, Homeostasis and Reproduction
    • Higher Level >
      • 7: Nucleic Acids >
        • 7.1: DNA Structure and Replication
        • 7.2: Transcription and Gene Expression
        • 7.3: Translation
      • 8: Metabolism, Cell Respiration & Photosynthesis >
        • 8.1: Metabolism
        • 8.2: Cell Respiration
        • 8.3: Photosynthesis
      • 9: Plant Biology >
        • 9.1: Transport in the Xylem of Plants
        • 9.2: Transport in the Phloem of Plants
        • 9.3: Growth in Plants
        • 9.4: Reproduction in Plants
      • 10: Genetics and Evolution >
        • 10.1: Meiosis
        • 10.2: Inheritance
        • 10.3: Gene Pools and Speciation
      • 11: Animal Physiology >
        • 11.1: Antibody Production and Vaccination
        • 11.2: Movement
        • 11.3: Kidney and Osmoregulation
        • 11.4: Sexual Reproduction
    • Options >
      • D: Human Physiology >
        • D.1: Human Nutrition
        • D.2: Digestion
        • D.3: Functions of the Liver
        • D.4: The Heart
        • D.5: Hormones and Metabolism
        • D.6: Transport of Respiratory Gases
  • IB Requirements
    • Learner Profile
    • Group 4 Project
    • External Exam
    • Internal Assessment >
      • Personal Engagement
      • Exploration
      • Analysis
      • Evaluation
      • Communication
    • Extended Essay >
      • SER 2015
      • SER 2019
  • Investigation Skills
    • Lab Safety
    • Microscopy
    • Lab Drawings
    • Data Tables
    • Measurement
    • Statistics >
      • Mean
      • Standard Deviation
      • T-Test
      • ANOVA
      • Correlation
      • X2 Goodness of Fit
      • X2 Test for Independence
    • Graphing >
      • Graphing with Excel
      • Interpreting Error Bars
    • Error Analysis
  • Course Info
    • Above & Beyond >
      • Biology Club
      • Pumpkin Carving
      • Scavenger Hunt
      • Science News
      • IB Bio Dance
      • Wood Duck Project
      • Invasive Crayfish Project
    • Assessment >
      • Class Grading IB Bio I
      • Class Grading IB Bio II
      • Daily Quizzes
      • WICC Assessment
      • Lab Practicals
    • Assessment Statements
    • Class Photos
    • Recommendations
    • Supplemental Reading
  • Contact
  • About
    • Philosophy
    • Resume
    • Reflection
    • Site Feedback
    • Favorite Quotes
    • AEF Blog
  • Expeditions
    • Bahamas (2009)
    • Trinidad (2010)
    • Trinidad (2011)
    • Ecuador (2012)
    • Trinidad (2013)
    • Peru (2014)
    • Bahamas (2015)
    • Peru (2016)
    • Costa Rica (2017)
    • Costa Rica (2018)
    • Peru (2020)
  • Alumni

Topic 6.3: Defense Against Infectious Disease

Essential Idea:   The human body has structures and processes that resist the continuous threat of invasion by pathogens.
At SHS, Topic 6.3 is taught in the following class unit(s):
  • Prokaryotic Cells (unit 3)
  • Evidence for Evolution (unit 20)
  • The Circulatory System (unit 45)
  • Innate Immunity (unit 47A)
  • Acquired Immunity (unit 47B)​
Picture

Statements & Objectives:

6.3.U1  The skin and mucous membranes form a primary defense against pathogens that cause infectious disease.
  • Define pathogen.
  • State that skin and mucous membranes form the first line of defense against pathogens.
  • Outline the role of skin, sebaceous glands and mucous membranes in the defense against pathogens.​
6.3.U2  Cuts in the skin are sealed by blood clotting.
  • State two benefits of blood clotting when skin is cut.​
6.3.U3  Clotting factors are released from platelets.
  • Outline two roles of platelets in the blood clotting cascade.​
6.3.U4  The cascade results in the rapid conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombrin.
  • Describe the blood clotting cascade, including the role of platelets, clotting factors, thrombin, fibrinogen and fibrin.
6.3.U5  Ingestion of pathogens by phagocytic white blood cells gives non-specific immunity to diseases.
  • State the white blood cells are the second line of defence against pathogens.
  • Outline the function of phagocytic white blood cells in defense against pathogens.​
6.3.U6  Production of antibodies by lymphocytes in response to particular pathogens gives specific immunity.
  • Define “specific immune response.”
  • Contrast antigen and antibody.
  • Describe the structure and function of antibodies.
  • State the function of plasma cells and memory cells.​
6.3.U7  Antibiotic blocks processes that occur in prokaryotic cells but not in eukaryotic cells
  • Define antibiotic.
  • Outline the mechanisms by which antibiotics kill bacteria.
  • Explain why antibiotics are ineffective against viruses.​
6.3.U8  Viruses lack a metabolism and cannot therefore be treated with antibiotics.
  • Explain why antibiotics are ineffective against viruses.
6.3.U9  Some strains of bacteria have evolved with genes that confer resistance to antibiotics and some strains of bacteria have multiple resistance.​
  • List five measures that can be taken to avoid the development of antibiotic resistance.
  • Explain why multiple drug antibiotic resistance is especially dangerous.
  • State an example of a multidrug resistant bacteria.
6.3.A1  Causes and consequences of blood clot formation in coronary arteries.
  • State the function of the coronary arteries.
  • Define coronary thrombosis.
  • List sources of arterial damage that increase the risk of coronary thrombosis.
  • List factors that are correlated with an increased risk of coronary thrombosis and heart attack.
6.3.A2  Effects of HIV on the immune system and methods of transmission.
  • Describe the consequences of the HIV on the immune system.
  • Outline the relationship between HIV and AIDS.
  • List ways the HIV virus is spread.
6.3.A3  Florey and Chain’s experiments to test penicillin on bacterial infections in mice.
  • Explain methods and results of Florey and Chain’s experiments.​
6.3.NOS  Risks associated with scientific research- Florey and Chain’s tests on the safety of penicillin would not be compliant with current protocol on testing.
  • Compare allowable research risks of the past with those of the present.​

In the News:

  • Mucus: the body’s unsung hero
  • End to Aids in sight as huge study finds drugs stop HIV transmission (2019-05-02)
  • Releasing our inner jellyfish in the fight against infection (2018-07-09)
  • ​Protect the skin, build barriers: Old acquaintance in a new role (20174-11-08)
  • New antibiotic resistance genes found (2017-10-16)
  • Skin microbes trigger specific immune responses (2015-01-05)
  • Unraveling the mechanism of skin barrier formation (2017-04-14)
  • ​To stop the bleeding, the platelet have to 'die' (2016-08-09)
  • ​Understanding how the 'police' of the cell world deal with 'intruders' and the 'injured' (2016-08-30)​
"When we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it hitched to everything else in the Universe." 
 John Muir,   1911
  • IB Biology I
  • IB Biology II
  • Syllabus
    • Core >
      • 1: Cell Biology >
        • 1.1: Introduction to Cells
        • 1.2: Ultrastructure of Cells
        • 1.3: Membrane Structure
        • 1.4: Membrane Transport
        • 1.5: The Origin of Cells
        • 1.6: Cell Division
      • 2: Molecular Biology >
        • 2.1: Molecules to Metabolism
        • 2.2: Water
        • 2.3: Carbohydrates and Lipids
        • 2.4: Proteins
        • 2.5: Enzymes
        • 2.6: DNA and RNA
        • 2.7: DNA Replication, Transcription and Translation
        • 2.8: Cell Respiration
        • 2.9: Photosynthesis
      • 3: Genetics >
        • 3.1: Genes
        • 3.2: Chromosomes
        • 3.3: Meiosis
        • 3.4: Inheritance
        • 3.5: Genetic Modification and Biotechnology
      • 4: Ecology >
        • 4.1: Species, Communities and Ecosystems
        • 4.2: Energy Flow
        • 4.3: Carbon Cycling
        • 4.4: Climate Change
      • 5: Evolution and Biodiversity >
        • 5.1: Evidence for Evolution
        • 5.2: Natural Selection
        • 5.3: Classification and Biodiversity
        • 5.4: Cladistics
      • 6: Human Physiology >
        • 6.1: Digestion and Absorption
        • 6.2: The Blood System
        • 6.3: Defense Against Infectious Disease
        • 6.4: Gas Exchange
        • 6.5: Neurons and Synapses
        • 6.6: Hormones, Homeostasis and Reproduction
    • Higher Level >
      • 7: Nucleic Acids >
        • 7.1: DNA Structure and Replication
        • 7.2: Transcription and Gene Expression
        • 7.3: Translation
      • 8: Metabolism, Cell Respiration & Photosynthesis >
        • 8.1: Metabolism
        • 8.2: Cell Respiration
        • 8.3: Photosynthesis
      • 9: Plant Biology >
        • 9.1: Transport in the Xylem of Plants
        • 9.2: Transport in the Phloem of Plants
        • 9.3: Growth in Plants
        • 9.4: Reproduction in Plants
      • 10: Genetics and Evolution >
        • 10.1: Meiosis
        • 10.2: Inheritance
        • 10.3: Gene Pools and Speciation
      • 11: Animal Physiology >
        • 11.1: Antibody Production and Vaccination
        • 11.2: Movement
        • 11.3: Kidney and Osmoregulation
        • 11.4: Sexual Reproduction
    • Options >
      • D: Human Physiology >
        • D.1: Human Nutrition
        • D.2: Digestion
        • D.3: Functions of the Liver
        • D.4: The Heart
        • D.5: Hormones and Metabolism
        • D.6: Transport of Respiratory Gases
  • IB Requirements
    • Learner Profile
    • Group 4 Project
    • External Exam
    • Internal Assessment >
      • Personal Engagement
      • Exploration
      • Analysis
      • Evaluation
      • Communication
    • Extended Essay >
      • SER 2015
      • SER 2019
  • Investigation Skills
    • Lab Safety
    • Microscopy
    • Lab Drawings
    • Data Tables
    • Measurement
    • Statistics >
      • Mean
      • Standard Deviation
      • T-Test
      • ANOVA
      • Correlation
      • X2 Goodness of Fit
      • X2 Test for Independence
    • Graphing >
      • Graphing with Excel
      • Interpreting Error Bars
    • Error Analysis
  • Course Info
    • Above & Beyond >
      • Biology Club
      • Pumpkin Carving
      • Scavenger Hunt
      • Science News
      • IB Bio Dance
      • Wood Duck Project
      • Invasive Crayfish Project
    • Assessment >
      • Class Grading IB Bio I
      • Class Grading IB Bio II
      • Daily Quizzes
      • WICC Assessment
      • Lab Practicals
    • Assessment Statements
    • Class Photos
    • Recommendations
    • Supplemental Reading
  • Contact
  • About
    • Philosophy
    • Resume
    • Reflection
    • Site Feedback
    • Favorite Quotes
    • AEF Blog
  • Expeditions
    • Bahamas (2009)
    • Trinidad (2010)
    • Trinidad (2011)
    • Ecuador (2012)
    • Trinidad (2013)
    • Peru (2014)
    • Bahamas (2015)
    • Peru (2016)
    • Costa Rica (2017)
    • Costa Rica (2018)
    • Peru (2020)
  • Alumni