1.4.U1 Particles move across membranes by simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis and active transport.
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1.4.U2 The fluidity of membranes allows materials to be taken into cells by endocytosis or released by exocytosis.
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1.4.U3 Vesicles move materials within cells.
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1.4.A1 Structure and function of the sodium-potassium pumps for active transport and potassium channels for facilitated diffusion in axons.
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1.4.A2 Tissues or organs to be used in medical procedures must be bathed in a solution with the same osmolarity as the cytoplasm to prevent osmosis.
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1.4.S1 Estimation of osmolarity in tissues by bathing samples in hypotonic and hypertonic solutions. (Practical 2)
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1.4.NOS Experimental design- accurate quantitative measurements in osmosis experiments are essential.
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