BIOLOGY FOR LIFE
  • IB Biology I
  • IB Biology II
  • Syllabus
    • Core >
      • 1: Cell Biology >
        • 1.1: Introduction to Cells
        • 1.2: Ultrastructure of Cells
        • 1.3: Membrane Structure
        • 1.4: Membrane Transport
        • 1.5: The Origin of Cells
        • 1.6: Cell Division
      • 2: Molecular Biology >
        • 2.1: Molecules to Metabolism
        • 2.2: Water
        • 2.3: Carbohydrates and Lipids
        • 2.4: Proteins
        • 2.5: Enzymes
        • 2.6: DNA and RNA
        • 2.7: DNA Replication, Transcription and Translation
        • 2.8: Cell Respiration
        • 2.9: Photosynthesis
      • 3: Genetics >
        • 3.1: Genes
        • 3.2: Chromosomes
        • 3.3: Meiosis
        • 3.4: Inheritance
        • 3.5: Genetic Modification and Biotechnology
      • 4: Ecology >
        • 4.1: Species, Communities and Ecosystems
        • 4.2: Energy Flow
        • 4.3: Carbon Cycling
        • 4.4: Climate Change
      • 5: Evolution and Biodiversity >
        • 5.1: Evidence for Evolution
        • 5.2: Natural Selection
        • 5.3: Classification and Biodiversity
        • 5.4: Cladistics
      • 6: Human Physiology >
        • 6.1: Digestion and Absorption
        • 6.2: The Blood System
        • 6.3: Defense Against Infectious Disease
        • 6.4: Gas Exchange
        • 6.5: Neurons and Synapses
        • 6.6: Hormones, Homeostasis and Reproduction
    • Higher Level >
      • 7: Nucleic Acids >
        • 7.1: DNA Structure and Replication
        • 7.2: Transcription and Gene Expression
        • 7.3: Translation
      • 8: Metabolism, Cell Respiration & Photosynthesis >
        • 8.1: Metabolism
        • 8.2: Cell Respiration
        • 8.3: Photosynthesis
      • 9: Plant Biology >
        • 9.1: Transport in the Xylem of Plants
        • 9.2: Transport in the Phloem of Plants
        • 9.3: Growth in Plants
        • 9.4: Reproduction in Plants
      • 10: Genetics and Evolution >
        • 10.1: Meiosis
        • 10.2: Inheritance
        • 10.3: Gene Pools and Speciation
      • 11: Animal Physiology >
        • 11.1: Antibody Production and Vaccination
        • 11.2: Movement
        • 11.3: Kidney and Osmoregulation
        • 11.4: Sexual Reproduction
    • Options >
      • D: Human Physiology >
        • D.1: Human Nutrition
        • D.2: Digestion
        • D.3: Functions of the Liver
        • D.4: The Heart
        • D.5: Hormones and Metabolism
        • D.6: Transport of Respiratory Gases
  • IB Requirements
    • Learner Profile
    • Group 4 Project
    • External Exam
    • Internal Assessment >
      • Personal Engagement
      • Exploration
      • Analysis
      • Evaluation
      • Communication
    • Extended Essay
  • Investigation Skills
    • Lab Safety
    • Microscopy
    • Lab Drawings
    • Data Tables
    • Measurement
    • Statistics >
      • Descriptive Statistics >
        • Skew
        • Measures of Central Tendancy
        • Measures of Spread
        • Pearson Correlation
      • Inferential Statistics >
        • T-Test
        • ANOVA
        • Kruskal-Wallis
        • X2 Test for Independence
        • X2 Goodness of Fit
    • Graphing >
      • Graphing with Excel
      • Interpreting Error Bars
    • Error Analysis
  • Course Info
    • Above & Beyond >
      • Biology Club
      • Pumpkin Carving
      • Scavenger Hunt
      • Science News
      • IB Bio Dance
      • Wood Duck Project
      • Invasive Crayfish Project
    • Assessment >
      • Class Grading IB Bio I
      • Class Grading IB Bio II
      • Daily Quizzes
      • WICC Assessment
      • Lab Practicals
    • Assessment Statements
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    • Trinidad (2010)
    • Trinidad (2011)
    • Ecuador (2012)
    • Trinidad (2013)
    • Peru (2014)
    • Bahamas (2015)
    • Peru (2016)
    • Costa Rica (2017)
    • Costa Rica (2018)
    • Peru (2020)
  • Alumni
  • Summer Ecology Research

Topic 11.1:
Antibody Production
and Vaccination

Essential Idea:  Immunity is based on recognition of self and destruction of foreign material.
  • Outline answer to each objective statement for topic 11.1 (coming soon)
  • Quizlet study set for this topic (coming soon)
At SHS, Topic 11.1 is taught in the following class unit(s):​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​
  • Acquired Immunity (unit 47B)

Statements & Objectives:

11.1.U1  Every organism has unique molecules on the surface of its cells.
  • Define antigen.
  • List example antigen molecules.
11.1.U2  B lymphocytes are activated by T lymphocytes in mammals.
  • Explain the “challenge and response” mechanism of specific immunity.
  • Describe activation of helper T lymphocytes by the macrophage.
  • Describe activation of B cell lymphocytes by the helper T cells.​
11.1.U3  Plasma cells secrete antibodies.
  • Outline the structure and function of plasma B cells.​
11.1U4  Activated B cells multiply to form clones of plasma cells and memory cells.
  • Describe clonal selection of plasma B cells.​
11.4.U5  Antibodies aid the destruction of pathogens.
  • Outline four modes of antibody action.​
11.1.U6  Immunity depends upon the persistence of memory cells.
  • Define immunity.
  • State two mechanisms of immunity.
  • Explain the differences between the primary and secondary immune responses.
11.1.U7  Vaccines contain antigens that trigger immunity but do not cause the disease.
  • Explain the principle of vaccination.​
11.1.U8  Pathogens can be species-specific although others can cross species barriers.
  • Outline mechanisms that prevent some pathogens from crossing species.
  • Define zoonosis.
  • List three examples of zoonotic diseases.
11.1.U9  White cells release histamine in response to allergens.
  • State the source and function of histamine proteins.
11.1.U10  Histamines cause allergic symptoms.
  • List allergic symptoms caused by histamines.
  • State the function of an anti-histamine.​
11.1.U11  Fusion of a tumor cell with an antibody-producing plasma cell creates a hybridoma cell.
  • Explain the production of hybridoma cells.
11.1.U12  Monoclonal antibodies are produced by hybridoma cells.
  • Define “monoclonal antibody.”
  • Describe the production of monoclonal antibodies in hybridoma cells.
  • Outline the use of monoclonal antibodies in diagnosis and treatment.​
11.1.A1  Antigens on the surface of red blood cells stimulate antibody production in a person with a different blood group.
  • Outline the difference between the ABO blood antigens.
  • State the fours human ABO blood types.
  • Describe the consequence of mismatched blood transfusions, including agglutination and hemolysis.
11.1.A2  Smallpox was the first infectious disease of humans to have been eradicated by vaccination.
  • Describe the global initiative used to eradicate smallpox.​
11.1.A3  Monoclonal antibodies to HCG are used to pregnancy test kits.
  • Describe a pregnancy test strip works, including the role of free and immobilized monoclonal antibodies.
11.1.S1  Analysis of epidemiological data related to vaccination programs.
  • Define epidemiology.
  • Outline the role of an epidemiologist in vaccination programs.
11.1.NOS  Consider ethical implications of research- Jenner tested his vaccine for smallpox in a child.
  • Describe how Jenner tested his smallpox vaccine.
  • List reasons when Jenner’s test would not be approved today.

In the News:

  • Monoclonal antibodies: 'great hope' in Covid treatments fails against variants (2021-02-02)
  • Measles wipes out immune system's memory, study finds (2019-10-31)
  • An Antibody-Inspired Small Molecule Could Make For A Better Flu Treatment (2019-03-07)
  • Cervical cancer could be eliminated in most countries by 2100 (2019-02-20)
  • How to Turbocharge Flu Protection (2018-11-01)​ 
  • Novel HIV vaccine candidate is safe and induces immune response in healthy adults and monkeys (2018-07-07)
  • Rush to protect lucrative antibody patents kicks into gear (2018-05-25)
  • How cellular structure orchestrates immunologic memory (2018-03-08)
  • ​Vaccines won’t overload your child’s immune system—or increase their risk of other infections (2018-03-06)
  • How a surging stockpile of vaccines could help conquer cholera (2018-02-07)
  • Measles Deaths Fall to a Record Low Worldwide (2017-12-29)
  • Imaging studies open a window on how effective antibodies are formed (2014-09-24)
  • Many in West Africa may be immune to Ebola virus (2014-09-06)
  • First human antibodies to work against all ebolaviruses (2017-05-18)
  • ​Immunology: Fifty years of B lymphocytes (2015-01-06)
  • ​How llamas' unusual antibodies might help in the fight against HIV/AIDS (2014-12-18)
  • Environment, more than genetics, shapes immune system (2015-01-15)
  • ​New malaria vaccine candidates identified (2014-07-30)
  • New Vaccine Shows Promise Against Mosquito-Borne Virus (2014-08-15)
  • Congo polio strain can resist vaccine (2014-08-18)
  • Johnson & Johnson Pushes Ahead With Ebola Vaccine (2014-09-02)
  • Dengue vaccine shows promise in Latin America (2014-09-04)
  • Technique to model infections shows why live vaccines may be most effective (2014-09-18)
  •  How do you test an Ebola vaccine? (2014-12-18)
  • 3-D vaccine spontaneously assembles to pack a powerful punch against cancer, infectious diseases (2015-02-09)
  • Vaccination Gaps Helped Fuel Disneyland Measles Spread (2015-03-06)
  • Western Hemisphere Wipes Out Its Third Virus (2015-04-30)
  • Why Your Future Vaccination Might Not Be A Shot (2015-05-03)
  • Measles vaccine protects against other deadly diseases (2015-05-07)
  • The troubling reason why vaccines are made too late ... if they're made at all (TED talk, 2015-03)
  • Association Between Vaccine Refusal and Vaccine-Preventable Diseases in the United States (2016-03-15)
  • Dengue vaccine aces trailblazing trial (2016-03-16)
  • Vaccination: Zika infection is caused by one virus serotype (2016-07-29)
  • New Vaccine Could Slow Disease that Kills 600 Children a Day (2017-03-22)
  • HPV Vaccine Could Protect More People With Fewer Doses, Doctors Insist (2017-03-29)
  • New technology could allow multiple vaccines to be delivered in single jab (2017-09-14)
  • ​How seasonal allergies work — and why they make you so miserable (2016-03-17)
  • ​AIDS scientists encouraged by antibodies that hit monkey virus (2013-10-31)
  • How horses helped cure diphtheria (2014-08-05)
  • Ebola: New therapies to combat virus (2014-09-30)
  • Antibodies may provide 'silver bullet' for Ebola viruses (2016-01-21)
  • ​Elimination of endemic measles, rubella, and congenital rubella syndrome from the western hemisphere (2015-02)
  • The beginning of the end of measles and rubella (2015-02)
  • ​​Law, ethics, and public health in the vaccination debates (2015-02-12)
  • Live vaccine against measles, mumps, and rubella and the risk of hospital admissions for nontargeted infections (2015-02-26)
  • Battling Infectious Diseases in the 20th Century: The Impact of Vaccines (2016-02-11)
  • Over Objections, Italy Introduces Tough Vaccination Measure (2016-06-19)
  • Small decline in MMR vaccination rates could have dramatic effect, experts warn (2017-07-24)
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"When we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it hitched to everything else in the Universe." 
 John Muir,   1911
  • IB Biology I
  • IB Biology II
  • Syllabus
    • Core >
      • 1: Cell Biology >
        • 1.1: Introduction to Cells
        • 1.2: Ultrastructure of Cells
        • 1.3: Membrane Structure
        • 1.4: Membrane Transport
        • 1.5: The Origin of Cells
        • 1.6: Cell Division
      • 2: Molecular Biology >
        • 2.1: Molecules to Metabolism
        • 2.2: Water
        • 2.3: Carbohydrates and Lipids
        • 2.4: Proteins
        • 2.5: Enzymes
        • 2.6: DNA and RNA
        • 2.7: DNA Replication, Transcription and Translation
        • 2.8: Cell Respiration
        • 2.9: Photosynthesis
      • 3: Genetics >
        • 3.1: Genes
        • 3.2: Chromosomes
        • 3.3: Meiosis
        • 3.4: Inheritance
        • 3.5: Genetic Modification and Biotechnology
      • 4: Ecology >
        • 4.1: Species, Communities and Ecosystems
        • 4.2: Energy Flow
        • 4.3: Carbon Cycling
        • 4.4: Climate Change
      • 5: Evolution and Biodiversity >
        • 5.1: Evidence for Evolution
        • 5.2: Natural Selection
        • 5.3: Classification and Biodiversity
        • 5.4: Cladistics
      • 6: Human Physiology >
        • 6.1: Digestion and Absorption
        • 6.2: The Blood System
        • 6.3: Defense Against Infectious Disease
        • 6.4: Gas Exchange
        • 6.5: Neurons and Synapses
        • 6.6: Hormones, Homeostasis and Reproduction
    • Higher Level >
      • 7: Nucleic Acids >
        • 7.1: DNA Structure and Replication
        • 7.2: Transcription and Gene Expression
        • 7.3: Translation
      • 8: Metabolism, Cell Respiration & Photosynthesis >
        • 8.1: Metabolism
        • 8.2: Cell Respiration
        • 8.3: Photosynthesis
      • 9: Plant Biology >
        • 9.1: Transport in the Xylem of Plants
        • 9.2: Transport in the Phloem of Plants
        • 9.3: Growth in Plants
        • 9.4: Reproduction in Plants
      • 10: Genetics and Evolution >
        • 10.1: Meiosis
        • 10.2: Inheritance
        • 10.3: Gene Pools and Speciation
      • 11: Animal Physiology >
        • 11.1: Antibody Production and Vaccination
        • 11.2: Movement
        • 11.3: Kidney and Osmoregulation
        • 11.4: Sexual Reproduction
    • Options >
      • D: Human Physiology >
        • D.1: Human Nutrition
        • D.2: Digestion
        • D.3: Functions of the Liver
        • D.4: The Heart
        • D.5: Hormones and Metabolism
        • D.6: Transport of Respiratory Gases
  • IB Requirements
    • Learner Profile
    • Group 4 Project
    • External Exam
    • Internal Assessment >
      • Personal Engagement
      • Exploration
      • Analysis
      • Evaluation
      • Communication
    • Extended Essay
  • Investigation Skills
    • Lab Safety
    • Microscopy
    • Lab Drawings
    • Data Tables
    • Measurement
    • Statistics >
      • Descriptive Statistics >
        • Skew
        • Measures of Central Tendancy
        • Measures of Spread
        • Pearson Correlation
      • Inferential Statistics >
        • T-Test
        • ANOVA
        • Kruskal-Wallis
        • X2 Test for Independence
        • X2 Goodness of Fit
    • Graphing >
      • Graphing with Excel
      • Interpreting Error Bars
    • Error Analysis
  • Course Info
    • Above & Beyond >
      • Biology Club
      • Pumpkin Carving
      • Scavenger Hunt
      • Science News
      • IB Bio Dance
      • Wood Duck Project
      • Invasive Crayfish Project
    • Assessment >
      • Class Grading IB Bio I
      • Class Grading IB Bio II
      • Daily Quizzes
      • WICC Assessment
      • Lab Practicals
    • Assessment Statements
    • Class Photos
    • Recommendations
    • Supplemental Reading
  • Contact
  • About
    • Philosophy
    • Resume
    • Reflection
    • Site Feedback
    • Favorite Quotes
    • AEF Blog
  • Expeditions
    • Bahamas (2009)
    • Trinidad (2010)
    • Trinidad (2011)
    • Ecuador (2012)
    • Trinidad (2013)
    • Peru (2014)
    • Bahamas (2015)
    • Peru (2016)
    • Costa Rica (2017)
    • Costa Rica (2018)
    • Peru (2020)
  • Alumni
  • Summer Ecology Research