BIOLOGY FOR LIFE
  • ⭐IB Bio Syllabus⭐
    • Unity and Diversity (A) >
      • A1 molecules >
        • A1.1: Water
        • A1.2: Nucleic Acids
      • A2 Cells >
        • A2.1: Origins of Cells
        • A2.2: Cell Structure
        • A2.3: Viruses
      • A3 Organisms >
        • A3.1: Diversity of Organisms
        • A3.2: Classification and Cladistics
      • A4 Ecosystems >
        • A4.1: Evolution and Speciation
        • A4.2: Conservation of Biodiversity
    • Form and Function (B) >
      • B1 Molecules >
        • B1.1: Carbohydrates and Lipids
        • B1.2: Proteins
      • B2 Cells >
        • B2.1 Membranes and Membrane Transport
        • B2.2 Organelles and Compartmentalization
        • B2.3 Cell Specialization
      • B3 Organisms >
        • B3.1 Gas Exchange
        • B3.2 Transport
        • B3.3 Muscle and Motility
      • B4 Ecosystems >
        • B4.1 Adaptation to Environment
        • B4.2 Ecological Niches
    • Interaction and Interdependence (C) >
      • C1 Molecules >
        • C1.1: Enzymes and Metabolism
        • C1.2: Cell Respiration
        • C1.3: Photosynthesis
      • C2 Cells >
        • C2.1: Chemical Signaling
        • C2.2: Neural Signaling
      • C3 Organisms >
        • C3.1: Integration of Body Systems
        • C3.2: Defense Against Disease
      • C4 Ecosystems >
        • C4.1 Populations and Communities
        • C4.2 Transfers of Energy and Matter
    • Continuity and Change (D) >
      • D1 Molecules >
        • D1.1: DNA Replication
        • D1.2: Protein Synthesis
        • D1.3: Mutation and Gene Editing
      • D2 Cells >
        • D2.1: Cell and Nuclear Division
        • D2.2: Gene Expression
        • D2.3: Water Potential
      • D3 Organisms >
        • D3.1: Reproduction
        • D3.2: Inheritance
        • D3.3: Homeostasis
      • D4 Ecosystems >
        • D4.1: Natural Selection
        • D4.2: Stability and Change
        • D4.3: Climate Change
    • Legacy Syllabus (2016) >
      • Core >
        • 1: Cell Biology >
          • 1.1: Introduction to Cells
          • 1.2: Ultrastructure of Cells
          • 1.3: Membrane Structure
          • 1.4: Membrane Transport
          • 1.5: The Origin of Cells
          • 1.6: Cell Division
        • 2: Molecular Biology >
          • 2.1: Molecules to Metabolism
          • 2.2: Water
          • 2.3: Carbohydrates and Lipids
          • 2.4: Proteins
          • 2.5: Enzymes
          • 2.6: DNA and RNA
          • 2.7: DNA Replication, Transcription and Translation
          • 2.8: Cell Respiration
          • 2.9: Photosynthesis
        • 3: Genetics >
          • 3.1: Genes
          • 3.2: Chromosomes
          • 3.3: Meiosis
          • 3.4: Inheritance
          • 3.5: Genetic Modification and Biotechnology
        • 4: Ecology >
          • 4.1: Species, Communities and Ecosystems
          • 4.2: Energy Flow
          • 4.3: Carbon Cycling
          • 4.4: Climate Change
        • 5: Evolution and Biodiversity >
          • 5.1: Evidence for Evolution
          • 5.2: Natural Selection
          • 5.3: Classification and Biodiversity
          • 5.4: Cladistics
        • 6: Human Physiology >
          • 6.1: Digestion and Absorption
          • 6.2: The Blood System
          • 6.3: Defense Against Infectious Disease
          • 6.4: Gas Exchange
          • 6.5: Neurons and Synapses
          • 6.6: Hormones, Homeostasis and Reproduction
      • Higher Level >
        • 7: Nucleic Acids >
          • 7.1: DNA Structure and Replication
          • 7.2: Transcription and Gene Expression
          • 7.3: Translation
        • 8: Metabolism, Cell Respiration & Photosynthesis >
          • 8.1: Metabolism
          • 8.2: Cell Respiration
          • 8.3: Photosynthesis
        • 9: Plant Biology >
          • 9.1: Transport in the Xylem of Plants
          • 9.2: Transport in the Phloem of Plants
          • 9.3: Growth in Plants
          • 9.4: Reproduction in Plants
        • 10: Genetics and Evolution >
          • 10.1: Meiosis
          • 10.2: Inheritance
          • 10.3: Gene Pools and Speciation
        • 11: Animal Physiology >
          • 11.1: Antibody Production and Vaccination
          • 11.2: Movement
          • 11.3: Kidney and Osmoregulation
          • 11.4: Sexual Reproduction
      • Options >
        • D: Human Physiology >
          • D.1: Human Nutrition
          • D.2: Digestion
          • D.3: Functions of the Liver
          • D.4: The Heart
          • D.5: Hormones and Metabolism
          • D.6: Transport of Respiratory Gases
  • IB Requirements
    • Learner Profile
    • Collaborative Sciences Project
    • External Assessment
    • Internal Assessment >
      • Research Design
      • Analysis
      • Conclusion
      • Evaluation
    • Extended Essay
  • Exam Revision
    • Revision Tools
  • Skills for Biology
    • Tools >
      • Experimental Techniques >
        • Addressing Safety
        • Measuring Variables >
          • Lab Drawings
          • Measurement Uncertainty
        • Techniques >
          • Microscopy
      • Technology >
        • Graphing with Excel
      • Mathematics >
        • Statistics >
          • Glossary of Statistic Terms and Equations
          • Descriptive Statistics >
            • Skew and the Normal Distribution
            • Outliers
            • Measures of Central Tendancy
            • Measures of Spread
            • Pearson Correlation
          • Inferential Statistics >
            • T-Test
            • ANOVA
            • Kruskal-Wallis
            • X2 Test for Independence
            • X2 Goodness of Fit
        • Graphing >
          • Interpreting Error Bars
    • Inquiry Processes >
      • Exploring & Designing >
        • Research Questions
        • Hypotheses and Predictions
        • Varaibles
        • Sampling
      • Collecting & Processing Data >
        • Data Tables
      • Concluding & Evaluating >
        • Error Analysis
  • SHS Course Info
    • Above & Beyond >
      • Biology Club
      • Pumpkin Carving
      • Scavenger Hunt
      • Science News
      • Wood Duck Project (legacy)
      • Invasive Crayfish Project (legacy)
    • Assessment >
      • Class Grading IB Bio I
      • Class Grading IB Bio II
      • Daily Quizzes (legacy)
      • Lab Practicals (legacy)
    • Class Photos
    • Recommendations
  • Contact
  • About
    • Philosophy
    • Resume
    • Reflection
    • Favorite Quotes
    • AEF Blog
  • Expeditions
    • Bahamas (2009)
    • Trinidad (2010)
    • Trinidad (2011)
    • Ecuador (2012)
    • Trinidad (2013)
    • Peru (2014)
    • Bahamas (2015)
    • Peru (2016)
    • Costa Rica (2017)
    • Costa Rica (2018)
    • Arizona (2022)
    • Florida (2023)
    • Belize (2024)
    • Costa Rica (2025)
  • Summer Ecology Research
  • Teacher Resources

Topic 7.1:
​DNA Structure and Replication

Essential Idea:   The structure of DNA is ideally suited to its function.
  • Outline answer to each objective statement for topic 7.1 (coming soon)
  • Quizlet study set for this topic 
At SHS, Topic 7.1 is taught in the following class unit(s):​​​​​​​​​
  • ​​Cell Division 
  • Nucleic Acids
  • DNA Replication 
  • Genes and Genomes
  • Gene Expression
7.1.U1  Nucleosomes help to supercoil the DNA.
  • Draw and label the structure of a nucleosome, including the H1 protein, the octamer core proteins, linker DNA and two wraps of DNA.
  • Explain the levels of supercoiling (DNA→ nucleosome → beads on a string → 30nm fiber →  unreplicated interphase chromosome → replicated metaphase chromosome).
7.1.U2  DNA structure suggested a mechanism for DNA replication.
  • Outline the features of DNA structure that suggested a mechanism for DNA replication.
7.1.U3  DNA replication is continuous on the leading strand and discontinuous on the lagging strand.
  • Compare replication on the the leading strand and the lagging strand of DNA.
  • Explain why replication is different on the leading and lagging strands of DNA.
  • Outline the formation of Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand.
7.1.U4  DNA replication is carried out by a complex system of enzymes.
  • Outline the role of the following proteins in DNA replications:  helicase, topoisomerase (AKA gyrase), single stranded binding proteins, primase, DNA polymerase III, DNA polymerase I, and DNA ligase.
7.1.U5  DNA polymerases can only add nucleotides to the 3’ end of a primer.
  • Explain the need for RNA primers in DNA replication.
  • Explain what is meant by DNA replication occurring in a 5' to 3' direction.
7.1.U6  Some regions of DNA do not code for proteins but have other important functions.
  • Define “coding sequences” and “repetitive sequences” of DNA.
  • Outline five functions of non-coding DNA sequences found in genomes, one of which must be the telomere.
7.1.A1  Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins’ investigation of DNA structures by X-ray diffraction.
  • Outline the process of X-ray diffraction.
  • Outline the deductions about DNA structure made from the X-ray diffraction pattern.
7.1.A2  Tandem repeats are used in DNA profiling.
  • Define VNTR.
  • Explain why VNTR are used in DNA profiling
7.1.A3  Use of nucleotides containing dideoxyrubonucleic acid to stop DNA replication in preparation of samples for base sequencing.
  • Outline the process of DNA sequencing, including the role of chain terminator nucleotides, fluorescence, and electrophoresis.
7.1.S1  Analysis of results of the Hershey and Chase experiment providing evidence that DNA is the genetic material.
  • State the experimental question being tested in the Hershey and Chase experiment.
  • Explain the procedure of the Hershey and Chase experiment.
  • Explain how the results of the Hershey and Chase experiment supported the notion of nucleic acids as the genetic material.
7.1.S2  Utilization of molecular visualization software to analyze the association between protein and DNA within a nucleosome.
  • Identify nucleosome structures using molecular visualization software. 
  • Outline the mechanism of histone-DNA association.
7.1.NOS  Making careful observations-Rosalind Franklin’s X-ray diffraction provided crucial evidence that DNA is a double helix.
  • Describe Rosalind Franklin’s role in the elucidation of the structure of DNA.
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Picture
  • ⭐IB Bio Syllabus⭐
    • Unity and Diversity (A) >
      • A1 molecules >
        • A1.1: Water
        • A1.2: Nucleic Acids
      • A2 Cells >
        • A2.1: Origins of Cells
        • A2.2: Cell Structure
        • A2.3: Viruses
      • A3 Organisms >
        • A3.1: Diversity of Organisms
        • A3.2: Classification and Cladistics
      • A4 Ecosystems >
        • A4.1: Evolution and Speciation
        • A4.2: Conservation of Biodiversity
    • Form and Function (B) >
      • B1 Molecules >
        • B1.1: Carbohydrates and Lipids
        • B1.2: Proteins
      • B2 Cells >
        • B2.1 Membranes and Membrane Transport
        • B2.2 Organelles and Compartmentalization
        • B2.3 Cell Specialization
      • B3 Organisms >
        • B3.1 Gas Exchange
        • B3.2 Transport
        • B3.3 Muscle and Motility
      • B4 Ecosystems >
        • B4.1 Adaptation to Environment
        • B4.2 Ecological Niches
    • Interaction and Interdependence (C) >
      • C1 Molecules >
        • C1.1: Enzymes and Metabolism
        • C1.2: Cell Respiration
        • C1.3: Photosynthesis
      • C2 Cells >
        • C2.1: Chemical Signaling
        • C2.2: Neural Signaling
      • C3 Organisms >
        • C3.1: Integration of Body Systems
        • C3.2: Defense Against Disease
      • C4 Ecosystems >
        • C4.1 Populations and Communities
        • C4.2 Transfers of Energy and Matter
    • Continuity and Change (D) >
      • D1 Molecules >
        • D1.1: DNA Replication
        • D1.2: Protein Synthesis
        • D1.3: Mutation and Gene Editing
      • D2 Cells >
        • D2.1: Cell and Nuclear Division
        • D2.2: Gene Expression
        • D2.3: Water Potential
      • D3 Organisms >
        • D3.1: Reproduction
        • D3.2: Inheritance
        • D3.3: Homeostasis
      • D4 Ecosystems >
        • D4.1: Natural Selection
        • D4.2: Stability and Change
        • D4.3: Climate Change
    • Legacy Syllabus (2016) >
      • Core >
        • 1: Cell Biology >
          • 1.1: Introduction to Cells
          • 1.2: Ultrastructure of Cells
          • 1.3: Membrane Structure
          • 1.4: Membrane Transport
          • 1.5: The Origin of Cells
          • 1.6: Cell Division
        • 2: Molecular Biology >
          • 2.1: Molecules to Metabolism
          • 2.2: Water
          • 2.3: Carbohydrates and Lipids
          • 2.4: Proteins
          • 2.5: Enzymes
          • 2.6: DNA and RNA
          • 2.7: DNA Replication, Transcription and Translation
          • 2.8: Cell Respiration
          • 2.9: Photosynthesis
        • 3: Genetics >
          • 3.1: Genes
          • 3.2: Chromosomes
          • 3.3: Meiosis
          • 3.4: Inheritance
          • 3.5: Genetic Modification and Biotechnology
        • 4: Ecology >
          • 4.1: Species, Communities and Ecosystems
          • 4.2: Energy Flow
          • 4.3: Carbon Cycling
          • 4.4: Climate Change
        • 5: Evolution and Biodiversity >
          • 5.1: Evidence for Evolution
          • 5.2: Natural Selection
          • 5.3: Classification and Biodiversity
          • 5.4: Cladistics
        • 6: Human Physiology >
          • 6.1: Digestion and Absorption
          • 6.2: The Blood System
          • 6.3: Defense Against Infectious Disease
          • 6.4: Gas Exchange
          • 6.5: Neurons and Synapses
          • 6.6: Hormones, Homeostasis and Reproduction
      • Higher Level >
        • 7: Nucleic Acids >
          • 7.1: DNA Structure and Replication
          • 7.2: Transcription and Gene Expression
          • 7.3: Translation
        • 8: Metabolism, Cell Respiration & Photosynthesis >
          • 8.1: Metabolism
          • 8.2: Cell Respiration
          • 8.3: Photosynthesis
        • 9: Plant Biology >
          • 9.1: Transport in the Xylem of Plants
          • 9.2: Transport in the Phloem of Plants
          • 9.3: Growth in Plants
          • 9.4: Reproduction in Plants
        • 10: Genetics and Evolution >
          • 10.1: Meiosis
          • 10.2: Inheritance
          • 10.3: Gene Pools and Speciation
        • 11: Animal Physiology >
          • 11.1: Antibody Production and Vaccination
          • 11.2: Movement
          • 11.3: Kidney and Osmoregulation
          • 11.4: Sexual Reproduction
      • Options >
        • D: Human Physiology >
          • D.1: Human Nutrition
          • D.2: Digestion
          • D.3: Functions of the Liver
          • D.4: The Heart
          • D.5: Hormones and Metabolism
          • D.6: Transport of Respiratory Gases
  • IB Requirements
    • Learner Profile
    • Collaborative Sciences Project
    • External Assessment
    • Internal Assessment >
      • Research Design
      • Analysis
      • Conclusion
      • Evaluation
    • Extended Essay
  • Exam Revision
    • Revision Tools
  • Skills for Biology
    • Tools >
      • Experimental Techniques >
        • Addressing Safety
        • Measuring Variables >
          • Lab Drawings
          • Measurement Uncertainty
        • Techniques >
          • Microscopy
      • Technology >
        • Graphing with Excel
      • Mathematics >
        • Statistics >
          • Glossary of Statistic Terms and Equations
          • Descriptive Statistics >
            • Skew and the Normal Distribution
            • Outliers
            • Measures of Central Tendancy
            • Measures of Spread
            • Pearson Correlation
          • Inferential Statistics >
            • T-Test
            • ANOVA
            • Kruskal-Wallis
            • X2 Test for Independence
            • X2 Goodness of Fit
        • Graphing >
          • Interpreting Error Bars
    • Inquiry Processes >
      • Exploring & Designing >
        • Research Questions
        • Hypotheses and Predictions
        • Varaibles
        • Sampling
      • Collecting & Processing Data >
        • Data Tables
      • Concluding & Evaluating >
        • Error Analysis
  • SHS Course Info
    • Above & Beyond >
      • Biology Club
      • Pumpkin Carving
      • Scavenger Hunt
      • Science News
      • Wood Duck Project (legacy)
      • Invasive Crayfish Project (legacy)
    • Assessment >
      • Class Grading IB Bio I
      • Class Grading IB Bio II
      • Daily Quizzes (legacy)
      • Lab Practicals (legacy)
    • Class Photos
    • Recommendations
  • Contact
  • About
    • Philosophy
    • Resume
    • Reflection
    • Favorite Quotes
    • AEF Blog
  • Expeditions
    • Bahamas (2009)
    • Trinidad (2010)
    • Trinidad (2011)
    • Ecuador (2012)
    • Trinidad (2013)
    • Peru (2014)
    • Bahamas (2015)
    • Peru (2016)
    • Costa Rica (2017)
    • Costa Rica (2018)
    • Arizona (2022)
    • Florida (2023)
    • Belize (2024)
    • Costa Rica (2025)
  • Summer Ecology Research
  • Teacher Resources